Military Executions during World War I
Three hundred and fifty-one men were executed by British Army firing-squads between September 1914 and November 1920. By far the greatest number were shot for desertion in the face of the enemy. Controversial even at the time, these executions of soldiers
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Military Executions during World War I
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Military Executions during World War I Gerard Oram Department of History The Open University
© Gerard Christopher Oram 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-1-4039-0694-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-51031-3 ISBN 978-0-230-28798-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230287983 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Oram, Gerard. Military executions during World War I / by Gerard Oram. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4039-0694-7 1. Capital punishment–Great Britain–History. 2. Military offenses–Great Britain–History. 3. World War, 1914-1918–Great Britain. 4. Executions and executioners–Great Britain–History. 5. Deserters, Military–Great Britain–History I. Title KD6333.O73 2003 343.41’0143–dc21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03
2002192469
For Phyllis May Oram (1905–2002) and Hope (2001) I miss you
Contents List of Tables
ix
List of Figures
x
Acknowledgements
xi
Introduction
1
1 ‘The administration of discipline by the English is very rigid’:British Military Law and the Death Penalty 1868–1918 Background Inquiry and reform 1865–81 Laying the foundations 1881–1914 The impact of modern war 1914–18
2 Military Discipline and the Nation at War Regulating crime in the army Discipline on the battlefield Shell-shock – a matter of discipline The home front Summation
3 Military Theory and Redefining Troop Morale Assessing morale Troop morale and mail censorship Summation
4 Pour encourager les autres: Morale, Discipline and the Death Penalty on the Front Line The three armies The regular di
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