MMSSC Chemotaxis near Porous Surface of Biocompatible NiTi Scaffolds Synthesized by Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
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MMSSC Chemotaxis near Porous Surface of Biocompatible NiTi Scaffolds Synthesized by Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Igor V. Shishkovsky1, Stanislav E. Volchkov2, and Olga V. Tumina2 1 P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara Branch, NovoSadovaja st. 221, Samara 443011, Russia ([email protected]) 2 Government Clinical Cell Technology Centre, Tashkenskaja st. 159, Samara 443095, Russia
ABSTRACT Multipotential mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MMSSC) are an excellent model for testing of the toxicity and biocompatibility of natural-tissue-engineering scaffolds (extracellular matrix). Such studies allow prediction of the behavior of implanted materials in the human. In the present work, testing of a three-dimensional prototype of a smart material – nitinol (the intermetallic phase NiTi) – to evaluate chemotaxis and biocompatibility was conducted. Porous samples were synthesized by the selective laser sintering (SLS) method, establishing different surface conditions in the samples. The surface microstructure and roughness were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. The results revealed the clear influence of the surface roughness on stem cell proliferation, morphology, and adhesion. The NiTi samples were well tolerated by the cells but the number of focal contacts decreased with increasing porosity. The proliferation speed was 0.694 doubling/day in the control group and 0.532 doubling/day for the NiTi group. Whereas the control group showed immature and actively divided stem cells, cell growth to enormous sizes (i.e., rapid aging) and a fall in fission activity in the proximity of an external irritant (viz., the NiTi scaffold) was observed. INTRODUCTION The engineering of tissue scaffolds is a well-developed procedure in regenerative medicine, including in vivo cultivation of stem cells, fabrication and restoration of damaged or lost tissue, development of control and testing systems, biological studies, and synthesis of new pharmaceutical products [1,2]. Associated with this is considerable interest in the building (or stimulating the synthesis) of tissue and organs in vivo through stem cell implantation in the extracellular matrix. A vital current need for regenerative surgery is the substitution of cast implant materials by porous 3D matrices for tissue. It generally is known that the topography of a porous surface, compared to that of a smooth one, has an impact on the morphological behavior of cells. It also is known that stem cell proliferation is influenced through a synergistic action of micron- and submicron-scale topographies [3,4]. However, a complicating feature is that the stem cell matrix must have bioptic properties over the entire porous structure, where the stem cell mass and newly formed tissue will ingrow during their evolution. Early candidates for such biologically inert, nontoxic, and noncorrosive materials for implants included titanium, nickel-titanium, zirconia, and hydroxyapatite [3,5].
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MMSSC
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