Selective laser sintering of functionally graded tissue scaffolds
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oduction Injuries and deterioration of native musculoskeletal tissues due to trauma, congenital factors, and aging have been shown to affect the quality of human life psychologically and physically.1,2 This has led to the affected individuals’ inability to perform their daily activities. The injured or damaged sites can be soft tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and cartilages, hard tissues (bones), or a combination of both (e.g., osteochondral sites and maxillofacial tissues). The constituents of the native tissues, in general, are highly organized in a unique manner so that they can execute their specific functions.3,4 Hence, under circumstances where the anatomical organization is disrupted and natural recovery with or without drug-based treatments or physical therapies are ineffective, surgical options such as autologous grafts, allogeneic grafts, and tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds serve as viable substitutes to restore tissue functions.5,6 In recent decades, TE, the application of principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological
substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ, has emerged to play an interdisciplinary role in the design and development of tissue replacements.1–9 The principles of TE application or regenerative medicine serve to eliminate the drawbacks of autologous and allogeneic transplantation, which include donor site deterioration, transplant rejection, and delayed/or inconsistent restoration outcomes of the repaired tissue.10–12 TE constructs, on the other hand, provide functional healing of the affected tissue site by providing the necessary structural and biological supports. With the progression toward using additive manufacturing (AM) or rapid prototyping (RP) technology and organ printing for tissue scaffold fabrication, the recovery duration for each patient is significantly reduced.13–16 Particularly, AM techniques such as selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and three-dimensional printing (3DP)17–21 allowed for the construction of tissue scaffolds, which catered to the patient’s specific needs. 22,23 Such applications of
C.K. Chua, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; [email protected] K.F. Leong, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; mkfl[email protected] N. Sudarmadji, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; [email protected] M.J.J. Liu, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; [email protected] S.M. Chou, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2011.271
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MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 36 • DECEMBER 2011 • www.mrs.org/bulletin
© 2011 Materials Research Society
SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED TISSUE SCAFFOLDS
AM technology for TE have become increasingly common over recent years due to (1) its ease of operation,
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