Mobility-Assisted Localization Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues, Challenges and Approaches
Many network operations and applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) need sensor nodes for obtaining their locations. Sensor nodes equipped with geographical positioning system (GPS) devices are aware of their locations at a precision level of few
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Abstract. Many network operations and applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) need sensor nodes for obtaining their locations. Sensor nodes equipped with geographical positioning system (GPS) devices are aware of their locations at a precision level of few meters. However, installing GPS devices on a large number of sensor nodes is not only costly but affects the form factor of these sensor nodes. Moreover, GPS-based localization is not applicable in indoor environments such as buildings. There exists an extensive amount of research literature that aims at obtaining absolute locations as well as relative spatial locations of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network without requiring specialized hardware at large scale. The typical approach that significantly reduces the cost is replacing the large set of statically deployed GPS-enhanced sensor nodes with limited number of mobile anchors. These mobile anchors are aware of their own locations and move in order to cover the entire network, and then try to infer locations of sensor nodes using various techniques e.g. geometric, statistical etc. Thus, keeping this in mind the chapter presents key issues and inherent challenges faced by the mobility-assisted localization techniques in WSNs. Also, we take a close look at the algorithmic approaches of various important fine-grained mobility-assisted localization techniques applicable for low power, resource constrained and highly distributed sensor nodes.
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Introduction
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of energy-constrained, low-cost and low-power sensor nodes. Each sensor node is a device, equipped with multiple on-board sensing elements, wireless transmitter–receiver modules, computational and power supply elements and is characterized by limited computational and communication capabilities. In WSNs, identifying locations of sensor nodes is important for both network operations and most application level tasks because sensory data without spatial and temporal coordination is of very limited use [1, 2]. Determining the physical location of the sensor nodes after they have been deployed is known as localization [3]. Knowledge of location information i.e., localization enables in implementing efficient routing (such as geographic forwarding) [4-6], target tracking [7, 8] etc. Successful localization techniques are useful in many applications few of which are elaborated belowA. Koubâa and A. Khelil (eds.), Cooperative Robots and Sensor Networks 2014, Studies in Computational Intelligence 554, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55029-4_3, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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S. Halder and A. Ghosal
– In events such as disaster relief, forest fire, failure of structure etc., early location prediction helps in planning adequate response system that may either prevent those events from occurring or mitigate the consequential damages. The efficient response system is dependent on the accurate location information. Therefore, accurate localization scheme based response system may prevent su
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