Modeling and Economic Analysis of Greywater Treatment in Rural Areas in Jordan Using a Novel Vertical-Flow Constructed W
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Modeling and Economic Analysis of Greywater Treatment in Rural Areas in Jordan Using a Novel Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetland Arwa Abdelhay1 Suhaib G. Abunaser2 ●
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Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Water scarcity in Jordan is becoming more severe with time, which resulted in an indispensable need for economic innovative approaches to maximize the utilization of nonconventional water resources through reuse options. Within the framework of the current study, a novel vertical flow constructed wetland system was implemented for greywater treatment in four different rural areas in Jordan. In this paper, the primary objective was to develop a regression-based nonlinear model to predict BOD effluent concentration from the proposed system. The model obeyed the first-order kinetics and found to provide an efficient tool in predicting the effluent BOD value as exemplified by an R2 of 0.78. Moreover, a cost analysis was carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed system. The economic results revealed a NPV range of 295–1209 JOD (420–1730$), IRR range of 6–10.7%, and a payback period range of 8.8–15.5 years. The average calculated costs of greywater treatment using the VFCWs were found to be 0.391 (USD/m3 treated) and 0.672 (USD/kg BOD removed). Finally, the energy saving from using the proposed system was quantified and an estimate of 70 JOD (100$)/year household was obtained. Keywords Greywater treatment and reuse Vertical-flow constructed wetland Rural areas Modeling, economic analysis ●
Introduction Reclamation of greywater has gradually become one of the key strategies adopted in water scarce countries to improve the efficiency of the water management cycle. Of particular interest, greywater reuse for irrigation purposes can significantly alleviate the pressure on fresh water resources and mitigate pollution in recipient water bodies. In this perspective, Jordan is making enormous efforts to implement projects for greywater reuse using economic, effective, and environmentally friendly systems (Ministry of Water and Irrigation 2017). Most of the greywater reuse systems in
Supplementary information The online version of this article (https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01349-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Arwa Abdelhay [email protected] 1
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan
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Environmental and Renewable Energy Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan
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Jordan are installed in rural areas experiencing wastewater mismanagement manifested by a percentage of 6% of household’s connections to the sewer system. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are receiving a growing attention as sustainable and low-cost alternative for centralized wastewater treatment (Al-Omari and Fayyad 2003; Halalsheh et al. 2008). The CW is subdivided into two major categories: (a) surface flo
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