Modeling of Populations
Virtual human models are becoming widespread in computer graphics applications such as virtual reality applications, simulations, and games. Usually, due to the complexity of human bodies, realistic shapes are built by means of an exhaustive and long proc
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The Transport of Auxins
David A. Morris1, Jiří Friml2, and Eva Zažímalová3 1
School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK. 2Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. 3 Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION Auxins play a crucial role in the regulation of spatial and temporal aspects of plant growth and development1. As well as being required for the division, enlargement and differentiation of individual plant cells, auxins also function as signals between cells, tissues and organs. In this way they contribute to the coordination and integration of growth and development in the whole plant and to physiological responses of plants to environmental cues (63). At the individual cell level, fast changes or pulses in hormone concentration may function to initiate or to terminate a developmental process. In contrast, the maintenance of a stable concentration of the hormone (homeostasis) may be necessary to maintain the progress of a developmental event that has already been initiated. It should be stressed that both transmembrane transport and metabolic processes such as biosynthesis, degradation and
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Abbreviations: ARF, auxin response factor; ABC, ATP-binding cassette; BFA, brefeldin A; CHX, cycloheximide; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor; MNK, Menkes copper-transporting ATPase; NAA, 1-naphthaleneactic acid; NPA, 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid; NBP, NPA-binding protein; PM, plasma membrane; TIBA, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid.
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