Modeling the Effect of Temperature and Potential on the In Vitro Corrosion Performance of Biomedical Hydroxyapatite Coat
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BIOMETALLIC alloys are widely used for total joint arthroplasty (TJA) as bone plates, screws, and dental implants because of excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.[1] Despite the large number of existing orthopedic medical devices and applications, there are only a few metals: Ti alloys, CoCrMo alloys, and stainless steels that dominate the market.[2] Ti alloys are the main materials used in TJA,[2] and CoCrMo alloys have made a comeback after introducing the Ni-free alloy for metal-on-metal hip joints, dental prosthetics, and knee implants.[3] Metallic biomaterials are known as bioinert materials since they do not bond spontaneously to living bone[4] and are generally encapsulated after implantation isolating them from the surrounding bone.[5,6] Also, corrosion of the metal implants can cause metal ion release into the bloodstream. So, in recent years, many _ _ COS M. IBRAH IM ¸ KUN, Postdoctoral Researcher, formerly with the Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, 28 Denton, TX 76203, is now with the Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kilis 7 Aralik University, 79000 _ _ Kilis, Turkey. Contact e-mail: [email protected] ISMA IL H. KARAHAN, Professor, is with the Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, 31040, _ YU¨CEL, Associate Professor, is with the Department Turkey. YASIN of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, 32 Hatay, 31040, Turkey. TERESA D. GOLDEN, Professor, is with the Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas. Manuscript submitted March 17, 2016. Article published online August 3, 2016 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
researchers have focused on improving corrosion performance and biocompatibility of the metallic implant materials. Surface modification of metallic implants with calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite, is a popular method for orthopedic and dental applications.[7] The hydroxyapatite layer provides bone bonding ability due to its bioactive (osteoconductive) nature.[5] Studies reveal that hydroxyapatite has a stable phase in biological conditions with the ability to chemically bond to the bone.[8] Also, hydroxyapatite is a nontoxic material which can behave as a sacrificial coating. Recent studies exhibited a significant improvement at the bone contact on hydroxyapatite-coated CoCrMo implants compared to the uncoated implants.[7] Hydroxyapatite coatings are now a standard material used in implant applications to improve bioactive fixation of the medical implants.[7] A variety of methods such as plasma spraying,[7] spin coating,[9] casting,[4] electrophoretic deposition,[5] and electrochemical deposition have been used to produce hydroxyapatite coatings on metallic implants. Among these methods, the electrodeposition method has several advantages, including ease of process control because of relatively low deposition temperature,[10] low processing cost and ability to deposit on complex geometri
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