Modelling and Simulation for Preclinical Cardiac Safety Assessment of Drugs with Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes
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Modelling and Simulation for Preclinical Cardiac Safety Assessment of Drugs with Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Philipp Kügler1,2
© The Author(s) 2020
Abstract As a potentially life threatening side effect, pharmaceutical compounds may trigger cardiac arrhythmias by impeding the heart’s electrical and mechanical function. For this reason, any new compound needs to be tested since 2005 for its proarrhythmic risk both during the preclinical and the clinical phase of the drug development process. While intensive monitoring of cardiac activity during clinical tests with human volunteers constitutes a major cost factor, preclinical in vitro tests with non cardiac cells and in vivo tests with animals are currently under serious debate because of their poor extrapolation to drug cardiotoxicity in humans. For about five years now, regulatory agencies, industry and academia are working on an overhaul of the cardiac drug safety paradigm that is built a) on human heart muscle cells, that can be abundantly bioengineered from donor stem cells without ethical concerns (human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, hiPSC-CMs), and b) on computational models of human cardiac electrophysiology both at the cellular and the organ level. The combined use of such human in vitro and human in silico models during the preclinical phase is expected to improve proarrhythmia test specificity (i.e. to lower the false-positive rate), to better inform about the need of thorough heart monitoring in the clinic, and to reduce or even replace animal experiments. This review article starts by concisely informing about the electrical activity of the human heart, about its possible impairment due to drug side effects, and about hiPSC-CM assays for cardiac drug safety testing. It then summarizes the mathematical description of human cardiac electrophysiology in terms of mechanistic ODE and PDE models, and illustrates how their numerical analysis may provide insight into the genesis of drug induced arrhythmias. Finally, this paper surveys proarrhythmic risk estimation
B P. Kügler
[email protected]
1
Institute of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Hohenheim, Schloss Hohenheim 1, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
2
Computational Science Lab, University of Hohenheim, Steckfeldstraße 2, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
P. Kügler
methods, that involve the simulation of human heart muscle cells, and addresses opportunities and challenges for future interdisciplinary research. Keywords Computational cardiac electrophysiology · Drug induced cardiac arrhythmias · Proarrhythmic risk classification · Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes · Numerical analysis of differential equations
1 Introduction Heart muscle cells have the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals referred to as action potentials. The concerted production and propagation of these action potentials throughout the heart forms the basis of its rhythmic contraction and relaxation. This rhythmic activity can be adversely affecte
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