Modelling lifestyle changes in Insect endosymbionts, from insect mutualist to plant pathogen
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Modelling lifestyle changes in Insect endosymbionts, from insect mutualist to plant pathogen Robert Manning Smith1 · Vasthi Alonso‑Chavez2 · Joseph Helps2 · Michael W. Shaw3 · Frank van den Bosch4 Received: 30 November 2019 / Accepted: 21 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Several insect endosymbionts have evolved to become plant pathogens, but the causes of this transition are currently unknown. In this paper, we use adaptive dynamics to develop hypotheses to explain why an insect endosymbiont would evolve to become a plant pathogen. We develop a model of facultative insect endosymbionts, capable of both vertical transmission within the insect population and horizontal transmission between insect and plant populations. We assume that an evolutionary trade-off between vertical and horizontal transmission exists. The transmission method of an endosymbiont is correlated with the nature of the symbiotic relationship between host and symbiont. We assume that vertical transmission represents an insect endosymbiont lifestyle and horizontal transmission represents a plant pathogen lifestyle. Our results suggest that temperature increases, increased agricultural intensification, disease dynamics within the plant host, insect mating system and change in the host plant of the insect may influence an evolutionary transition from an insect endosymbiont to a plant pathogen. Keywords Arsenophonus pythopathogenicus · Adaptive dynamics · Insect endosymbiont · Plant pathogen
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s1068 2-020-10071-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Robert Manning Smith [email protected] 1
University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
2
Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
3
University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
4
Department of Environment and Agriculture, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth 6102, Australia
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Evolutionary Ecology
Introduction Insects are often involved in symbiotic relationships with endosymbiotic microorganisms. This symbiosis is often a mutualistic interaction, with the host providing a habitat for the endosymbiont and the endosymbiont providing a fitness benefit to the host. Examples of the benefit include increased thermal tolerance, nutritional benefit and fecundity increases (Bennett and Moran 2015; Hurst 1997; Fast et al. 2011; Baumann 2005). Insect endosymbionts are often primarily or exclusively vertically transmitted, via infected females. Vertical transmission is typically associated with a mutualistic association (Ewald 1987; Bull et al. 1991; Bull and Molineux 1992; Herre 1995; Fisher et al. 2017; Messenger et al. 1999; Sachs and Wilcox 2006). However, vertical transmission is not limited to mutualistic interactions. Parasitic insect-endosymbiont symbioses occur, notably causing son-killing or sexual incompatibility (Hurst 1997; Engelstädter and Hurst
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