Modernization Science The Principles and Methods of National Advance
Depending on their national level of income, development and modernization, all countries in the world can be generally categorized as either advanced or developing. Studies on why advanced countries continue to develop, how they maintain their level of d
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Chuanqi He
Modernization Science The Principles and Methods of National Advancement
Chuanqi He China Center for Modernization Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Room 726, No.33 Beisihuanxilu, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 P.R. China
MSC 2010: 91- 01, 91F10, 91D10, 91B76 , 91B44 ISBN 978-3-642-25458-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-25459-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-25459-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2012932063 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
From the perspective of the world frontier of human development, some scholars hold that human beings originated in Africa, initiated agricultural civilization in Asia and industrial civilization in Europe, and fostered knowledge civilization in America approximately. In its about 5,500 years of history, the center and frontier of human civilization has been moving, with different performance in different countries and nations. There is universality as well as diversity in the changes of national and human civilization. Modernization, a worldwide phenomenon since about eighteenth century, refers to the frontier changes and international competition of human civilization generally. It is the frontier process of the formation, development, transformation, and international interaction of modern civilization; the composite process of the innovation, selection, diffusion, and withdrawal of civilization elements in an alternating way; and also the process of international competition for catching up with, reaching, and maintaining the world’s advanced level as well as international differentiation. Countries that reached and maintained the world’s advanced level are advanced ones, while the rest are developing ones. A country may change from a developing one to an advanced one, or vice versa. There is a certain probability that the international status of a country changes in some term. In the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution took placed, and modernization began when British political economist Adam Smith finished his magnum opus An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
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