Modification of cellulose degree of polymerization by superheated steam treatment for versatile properties of cellulose

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Modification of cellulose degree of polymerization by superheated steam treatment for versatile properties of cellulose nanofibril film Liana Noor Megashah . Hidayah Ariffin . Mohd Rafein Zakaria . Mohd Ali Hassan . Yoshito Andou . Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil

Received: 5 April 2020 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract Cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was subjected to superheated steam (SHS) treatment at 150 °C for 1 and 2 h to produce cellulose with different degree of polymerization (DP). The treated OPEFB cellulose was subjected to a wet disc milling process to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), followed by nanocellulose film production using casting-evaporation technique. Reduction of DP by 23 and 40% were recorded after SHS treatment of OPEFB cellulose for 1 h (SHS1) and 2 h (SHS2), respectively, as compared to the untreated OPEFB cellulose. CNFs produced from treated cellulose

Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03296-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. L. N. Megashah  H. Ariffin (&)  M. R. Zakaria  M. A. Hassan Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] H. Ariffin  M. R. Zakaria  F. N. M. Padzil Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Y. Andou Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan

(CNF-SHS1 and CNF-SHS2) exhibited smaller diameter and were less entangled compared to CNF from untreated cellulose (CNF-UT). These contributed to smoother CNF-SHS films. The highest light transmittance was recorded for CNF-SHS2 film, followed by CNF-SHS1 and CNF-UT films. The increment in transmittance value is in accordance with the reduction in cellulose DP. Lower DP also caused CNF-SHS films to have less wetting property as a result of smoother film surface. Mechanical properties were affected by DP values suggesting the possibility to control mechanical properties of CNF films in relation to DP. Overall, SHS is an efficient treatment method to reduce cellulose DP with the advantage of controlling CNF film properties towards the production of a versatile CNF film. Keywords Cellulose nanofibrils  Oil palm empty fruit bunch  Superheated steam  Degree of polymerization  Wet disc mill  Nanofilm

Introduction Waste to wealth through utilization of agricultural residues for value-added products has been one of the main topics of interest. In Malaysia, about 80 million tons of oil palm biomass are generated annually (Hassan et al. 2019), and this has raised concerns in regards to its management and disposal. There are

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Cellulose

promising routes to accelerate utilization of biomass

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