Modification of snowboard base material and its effect over the adhesion to epoxy/glass fibre core
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Modification of snowboard base material and its effect over the adhesion to epoxy/glass fibre core M. Lanfranconi • A. Va´zquez • V. Alvarez
Published online: 28 August 2012 Ó International Sports Engineering Association 2012
Abstract In this work, the effect of different treatments over the adherence of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) to a composite material (epoxy/ fibreglass), used as base and core of snowboards, respectively, was studied. The selected treatments were flame treatment, ultraviolet (UV) treatment and abrasion. Adhesion was assessed using lap shear tests. The results showed an increase in UHMWPE/composite adhesion of over six times with flame treatment, and a considerably lower increase with the abrasion. No increase in adhesion was detected with UV treatment. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry tests were performed to explain these changes. Keywords Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene Flame treatment Ultraviolet treatment Abrasion Lap shear
1 Introduction Snowboards are subject to complex mechanical loading, mainly bending, twisting and impact. The base material
M. Lanfranconi V. Alvarez (&) Composite Materials Group (CoMP), Research Institute of Material Science and Technology (INTEMA), Engineering Faculty, National University of Mar del Plata, Solı´s 7575, Mar del Plata, Argentina e-mail: [email protected] A. Va´zquez INTECIN (UBA-CONICET), Deptartment of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Buenos Aires, Las Heras 2214, Buenos Aires, Argentina
must withstand impacts against stones, metal railings and other obstacles. It must have high wear resistance and, due to its constant contact with snow, it should not absorb water. UHMWPE is an engineering polymer which is used in a wide spectrum of applications due to its high strength, excellent toughness, high chemical resistance, physical abrasion and low friction coefficient [1]. Table 1 shows the representative property values for UHMWPE. This material is fairly hydrophobic; the contact angles with water of around 100° (advancing) and 70° (receding) are typically found [2]. UHMWPE is often used as a base material of snowboards, but one of the drawbacks is that it is difficult to bond with other surfaces using adhesives [3]. Because of this, the base and core often delaminate on impact. To solve this problem, different treatments have been used to increase the adhesion capability. Plasma, chemical, corona, ultraviolet, electron beam, flame and ion implantation treatments are some examples [2]. Song et al. [2] have studied the surface of flame-treated low-density polyethylene (LDPE), by using a mixture of natural gas and air combusted by a nozzle-type burner. The physicochemical surface modification found has been attributed to interactions between high-energy excited species in the flame and the polymer, introducing surface oxygenated groups. The surface energy of LDPE increased due to the presence of ox
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