Modified BTZ black hole and some thermodynamical properties in dilaton/scalar gravity model
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Modified BTZ black hole and some thermodynamical properties in dilaton/scalar gravity model Younes Younesizadeh1,a , Ali Hassan Ahmed2,b , Amir A. Ahmad2,c , Yahya Younesizadeh1,d , Morad Ebrahimkhas3,e 1 Department of physics, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2 Physics Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kirkuk Road, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001, Iraq 3 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch, Tehran 59135-443,
Iran Received: 10 January 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 © Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract We construct a new class of black hole solutions of Einstein’s gravity in the presence of dilaton/scalar fields. In this regard, we present a general action (Eq. (1) in the introduction) where Einstein’s gravity is coupled with these fields. Using this action, we derive the equations of motion. Moreover, we employ n-dimensional static toroidal spacetime as the background geometry. Our study reveals that the standard BTZ solution can be recovered from some of these solutions as a special case. We point out that the asymptotic behavior of the obtained solutions is neither asymptotically flat nor (A)dS ((anti-) de Sitter). We also show under which conditions these solutions behave (A)dS, asymptotically. Some basic thermodynamics of the black hole solution is also analyzed. The most important result derived from our study is that the presence of the dilaton field increases the tendency of temperature to be positive near the origin. Besides, when we investigate the black hole’s stability, it is shown that the presence of this field makes the solutions to be more stable near the origin.
1 Introduction Einstein’s theory of gravity(General Relativity) is a successful theory in describing the gravitational interaction over many years of experimental tests [1]. These tests cover a broad range of scales from short-scale tests—mm scale—in the laboratory frame to solar system scale, and they are in high consistency with the gravitational waves emitted by binary pulsars. An important and recent evidence was the detection of Advanced LIGO and Virgo interferometers on August 17, 2017. It was the first observation of a binary neutron star pulse, (GW170817 [2]). Binary neutron star emits polarized gravitational waves with the predictions of general relativity.
a e-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author) b e-mail: [email protected] c e-mail: [email protected] d e-mail: [email protected] e e-mail: [email protected]
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1998 was a revolutionary year for the astronomers. They discovered that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, not slowing down [3,4]. There are deep observational evidence for accelerated expansion like observations of type Ia supernovae [5–12], cosmic microwave background(CMB) measurements [13–22] and studies of the large-scale structure [23–28]. All m
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