Modulation of Paraoxonase-1 and Apoptotic Gene Expression Involves in the Cardioprotective Role of Flaxseed Following Ge
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Modulation of Paraoxonase‑1 and Apoptotic Gene Expression Involves in the Cardioprotective Role of Flaxseed Following Gestational Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles and/or Fenitrothion Insecticide Khairy A. Ibrahim1 · Hala A. Abdelgaid2 · Mohamed Ali El‑Desouky2 · Abdelgawad Ali Fahmi3 · Mohamed M. Abdel‑Daim4,5
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The developmental exposure to a single chemical may elicit apoptosis in the different fetal organs, while the combined effects are restricted. We have examined the protective role of flaxseed (FS) against diesel exhaust particles (DEPs)- and/ or fenitrothion (FNT)-induced fetal cardiac oxidative stress and apoptosis. A total of 48 timed pregnant rats were divided into eight groups (n = 6). The first group was saved as the control and the second fed on 20% FS diet. Animals in the third, fourth, and fifth groups were administered with DEPs (2.0 mg/kg), FNT (3.76 mg/kg), and their combination, respectively, while the sixth, seventh, and eighth groups were supplemented with 20% FS through intoxication with DEPs, FNT, and their combination, respectively. Our results revealed that DEPs and/or FNT significantly elevated the level of protein carbonyl and superoxide dismutase activity in the fetal cardiac tissues. However, the catalase activity and total thiol level were decreased; besides the histopathological alterations were remarked. Moreover, DEPs and/or FNT exhibited significant down-regulation in the anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and paraoxonase-1 gene expression, and up-regulation in the apoptotic (Bax and caspase-3) gene expression along with DNA fragmentation. Remarkably, FS supplementation significantly ameliorated the fetal cardiac oxidative injury, down-regulated the expression of the apoptotic genes, up-regulated the anti-apoptotic and paraoxonase-1 gene expression, reduced DNA fragmentation, and alleviated the myocardial cell architectures. These findings revealed that FS attenuates DEPs- and/or FNT-induced apoptotic cell death by repairing the disturbance in the anti-apoptotic/pro-apoptotic gene balance toward cell survival in the fetal myocardial cells. Keywords Flaxseed · Diesel exhaust particles · Fenitrothion · Oxidative stress · Apoptosis · Fetal myocardial cells Handling Editor: Jianyong Ma.
Introduction
Khairy A. Ibrahim and Hala A. Abdelgaid have contributed equally to this work.
Egypt faces high levels of environmental pollutions induced by chemical substances. Exposure to these chemicals, especially during the developmental stages is regarded as a serious problem as they produce cascade effects in the developing children and community [1]. Health effects resulting from the exposure to mixed chemicals may be more than what would be expected from every single effect in the mixture [2]. Thus, the action of mixed chemicals should be extensively addressed. Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are the most abundant outdoor source of airborne particulate matter that have different forms of immunotoxic, carcinogenic, mutage
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