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M Phase

Macromolecular Crowding

Definition

Definition

M Phase defines a cell cycle stage during which the chromosomes are segregated (mitosis) and two daughter cells are formed (cytokinesis). ▶Cell Cycle – Overview ▶G-Phase

The concept of Macromolecular Crowding stems from the observation that the protein concentration in cells is very high and suggests that protein molecules are densely packed and literally touch each other. ▶Electron Tomography

MA Macrophage Definition MA (matrix) describes the retrovirus protein that forms the N-terminal cleavage product of the ▶Gag polyprotein. It usually myristylates and interacts with the cell membrane. ▶Retroviruses

Machado-Joseph Disease Definition Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is an autosomal dominantly transmitted neurological disorder, often found in families of Portuguese Azorean extraction (descendants of William Machado). Although independently described as a seemingly separate disorder in Caucasians, ▶spinocerebellar ataxia–3 (SCA3) is now known to be the same entity as MJD. ▶Repeat Expansion Diseases

Machine Learning Definition Machine learning is a statistical theory of classification and clustering of high-dimensional data. ▶Computational Diagnostics

Definition Macrophages develop from monocytes. They are phagocytic cells that help to initiate and are involved in all stages of immune responses. They recognize, take up (phagocytize) and digest all foreign antigens such as bacteria, viruses and cell debris. During wound healing, macrophages are present for several days. In addition to their immune function, they are a potent source of various growth factors and cytokines. ▶Inflammatory Responses ▶Wound Healing

Macula Definition Macula is the region of the yellow pigment at the center of vision within the fovea of primate retina. It is marked by a high density of cone photoreceptors, important for colour vision and high spatial resolution. Anatomically it is a small pit bordered by a wall, because the inner retinal layers connected to the photoreceptors are slightly excentrically positioned under the macular wall in order to ensure optimal spatial resolution. ▶Retinitis Pigmentosa

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MAD Phasing

MAD Phasing J U¨ RGEN J. M U¨ LLER , U DO H EINEMANN Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany [email protected] [email protected]

Definition ▶Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) is a method for phase determination in crystal structure analysis with X-rays. Tunable synchrotron beam lines permit measurement of X-ray diffraction data from crystals at two or more energies near the K- or L▶absorption edges of ▶anomalous scatterers present in biological macromolecules with optimal signal-tonoise ratios. Anomalous scatterers may be naturally present in the crystalline molecule or introduced in various ways. Cryo-cooling extends the lifetime of the crystals and newly developed CCD or other X-ray detectors shorten the measuring time to ensure highly precise measurements with low radiation damage to the molecules. Highly redundant measu