Molecular Imaging Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT
Radioisotope-based molecular imaging probes provide unprecedented insight into biochemistry and function involved in both normal and disease states of living systems, with unbiased in vivo measurement of regional radiotracer activities offering very high
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Molecular Imaging Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT
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Molecular Imaging
Shankar Vallabhajosula
Molecular Imaging Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT
Shankar Vallabhajosula, Ph.D. Professor of Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy in Radiology Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center (CBIC) New York, NY USA
ISBN 978-3-540-76734-3 e-ISBN 978-3-540-76735-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-76735-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009921800 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Figueres, Berlin. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To my mother, Subbalakshmi, and to the memory of my father, Subbaraya Sastry, with respect and gratitude, but most of all with love.
Foreword
Molecular imaging is a term that is now used frequently to describe much of what nuclear medicine has been involved in for almost 50 years. Since the early attempts to produce images representing the spatial distribution of specific tissue and organ functions such as the use of radioiodine to identify (and also to quantify) thyroid tissue function or the use radioiodine labeled human serum albumin (HSA) to identify the increased extracellular fluid in a brain tumor, nuclear medicine scientists and physicians have used the powerful tools, radioactive emission and decay and the tracer principle, for this purpose. In the case of thyroid imaging with radioiodine, the radionuclide itself is the tracer that specifically recognizes (and is recognized by) the iodide transporter and the subsequent trapping and organification mechanism, results in thyroid hormone synthesis. In the early efforts to localize brain tumors, the radioiodine was chemically bound to HSA, and as a result of its molecular size, radioiodinated-HSA was useful to identify the increased extracellular fluid content of various br
