Molecular interactions of plant viral satellites
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REVIEW PAPER
Molecular interactions of plant viral satellites Uzma Badar1 · Srividhya Venkataraman1 · Mounir AbouHaidar1 · Kathleen Hefferon1 Received: 2 August 2019 / Accepted: 24 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Plant viral satellites fall under the category of subviral agents. Their genomes are composed of small RNA or DNA molecules a few hundred nucleotides in length and contain an assortment of highly complex and overlapping functions. Each lacks the ability to either replicate or undergo encapsidation or both in the absence of a helper virus (HV). As the number of known satellites increases steadily, our knowledge regarding their sequence conservation strategies, means of replication and specific interactions with host and helper viruses is improving. This review demonstrates that the molecular interactions of these satellites are unique and highly complex, largely influenced by the highly specific host plants and helper viruses that they associate with. Circularized forms of single-stranded RNA are of particular interest, as they have recently been found to play a variety of novel cellular functions. Linear forms of satRNA are also of great significance as they may complement the helper virus genome in exacerbating symptoms, or in certain instances, actively compete against it, thus reducing symptom severity. This review serves to describe the current literature with respect to these molecular mechanisms in detail as well as to discuss recent insights into this emerging field in terms of evolution, classification and symptom development. The review concludes with a discussion of future steps in plant viral satellite research and development. Keywords Viroid · Satellite RNA · Symptoms · Plants
Introduction Satellites are a select group of subviral molecules that infect plants and manipulate their cellular machinery [1–4]. With the exception of the human Hepatitis Delta Virus satellite-like RNA, satellites are mostly plant pathogens [5, 6], although some of them are responsible for ameliorating diseases caused by their respective helper viruses. Plant viral satellites are classified as satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids (satellite DNAs and satellite RNAs) [7, 8]. Satellite viruses are dependent on their helper viruses for replication and only encode proteins required for their encapsidation. Satellite nucleic acids were initially identified in the early 1960s [9, 10]. They do not encode any structural Edited by Joachim Jakob Bugert. Uzma Badar and Srividhya Venkataraman contributed equally to writing this manuscript. * Kathleen Hefferon [email protected] 1
Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
proteins and are encapsidated by helper virus-encoded capsid proteins [11, 12]. They also depend on their respective helper viruses for replication. Most satellites aggravate or mitigate symptoms caused by their cognate helper viruses while impeding the accumulation of the latter within the infected
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