Morphological and performance characteristics of nanocomposite films based on poly(lactic acid) compounded with nanocrys
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Morphological and performance characteristics of nanocomposite films based on poly(lactic acid) compounded with nanocrystalline cellulose and chitin whiskers using melt extrusion Jingwen Xu . Pavan Harshit Manepalli . Lijia Zhu . Sridevi Narayan-Sarathy . Sajid Alavi
Received: 12 November 2018 / Accepted: 30 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The purpose of this work was to evaluate the morphological, mechanical, barrier and phasetransition properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films with nanofillers such as nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC, 1–5%) and chitin whiskers (CHW, 3%). Nanofiller addition using melt extrusion led to decrease in heat capacity change at glass transition as observed from differential scanning calorimetry data. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction studies showed that the nanofillers were dispersed in the polymer matrix. This indicated confinement of the motion of polymer chains between layers of nanofillers. Tensile strength (TS) of PLAbased nanocomposite films increased from 50.2 to
70.9 MPa with addition of 5% NCC to PLA. However, addition of CHW did not significantly improve TS. Addition of 3% NCC reduced oxygen transmission rate of films from 209.9 to 180.8 cm3/m2/day, which further reduced to 109.3 cm3/m2/day by adding compatibilizer, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI, 4%). Water vapor transmission rate of PLA reduced from 44.4 to 28.6 g/m2/day with 3% NCC and 4% MDI addition. This research suggested the promising application of NCC as a nanofiller in PLA films with enhanced thermal, mechanical and barrier properties, and potential application in bio-based food packaging.
J. Xu P. H. Manepalli L. Zhu S. Alavi (&) Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA e-mail: [email protected] S. Narayan-Sarathy PepsiCo Global Snacks Packaging R&D - Discovery, Plano, TX 75024, USA
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract Nanofiller dispersed in PLA matrix
Improved properes Mechanical Barrier
Grinding
PLA nanocomposite powder
PLA nanocomposite film
Melt extrusion Films made by hot press
Keywords Nanocrystalline cellulose Chitin whiskers Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Melt extrusion Biobased nanocomposites
Introduction Food packaging is important for protecting food flavor and quality during the period of storage by providing physical, chemical and biological barrier as well as protection from mechanical damage. Various types of packaging materials are currently available in markets, including glass, metal (such as aluminum and aluminum foil), plastics and paperboard. Plastics are more attractive than other materials due to the advantage of flexibility, low cost and lighter weight. However, various means of disposal of these fossilbased plastics and their copolymers used in multilayer packaging result in pollution of air, land, water and maritime resources and green-house gas emissions. Hence, environment friendly bio-based and biodegradable polymers
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