Morphology of the normal and arthritic glenoid
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Morphology of the normal and arthritic glenoid Pierre Mansat • Nicolas Bonnevialle
Received: 23 September 2012 / Accepted: 16 October 2012 / Published online: 31 October 2012 Springer-Verlag France 2012
Abstract The normal glenoid has a pear-shape aspect and is slightly retroverted. It has a variable orientation in the sagittal plane. The cartilage surface area corresponds to 28 % of the area of the humeral head with a radius of curvature greater than the humeral head. Mechanical properties are significantly higher at the center and posterior edge of the glenoid. With osteoarthritis, the glenoid becomes larger with a greater width and an increasing of the retroversion angle. The wear can be centric or excentric. Mechanical properties are significantly higher at the center and posterior edge of the glenoid.
labrum, which deepens the cavity [25]. Codman in 1934 [9] observed that the glenoid surface faces somewhat forward, and upward and outward from the plane of the scapula. However, it was not until 1966, on the basis of radiographic studies conducted by Das et al. [13] that measures of the glenoid were performed. In 1971, using antero–posterior and axillary views of the shoulder, Saha [50] has precised these measures. Since these first descriptions, many studies were performed to evaluate normal glenoid parameters (Table 1).
Glenoid Osteoarthritis Shoulder prosthesis
The glenoid has most frequently a pear-shape aspect with supero–inferior height greater than the antero–posterior width (Fig. 1); however, Checroun et al. [7] have found that 71 % of these specimens had a pear-shape aspect, whereas in 29 %, they look elliptical. Similar results were found by Prescher [48] with 55 % of the glenoid notch well expressed with a pear-shaped aspect, whereas in 45 %, the notch was absent and an oval glenoid results. On a cadaver study, Iannotti et al. [29] measured 140 shoulders that were representative of a given population of patients. The average superior–inferior dimension of the glenoid was 39 ± 3.7 mm (30–48), and the average anterior–posterior dimension of the lower half of the glenoid was 29 ± 3.1 mm (21–35). The average anterior–posterior dimension of the upper half of the glenoid at its mid-point was 23 ± 2.7 mm (18–30). The ratio of the anterior–posterior measurement of the lower to the upper half of the glenoid was 1:08 ± 0.01; the ratio of the superior–inferior to the anterior–posterior measurement of the lower half was 1:07 ± 0.02; and the ratio of the superior–inferior to the anterior–posterior measurement of the top half of the glenoid was 1:06 ± 0.06. For Checroun et al. [7], evaluating 412 skeletal scapulae that had intact glenoid surfaces, the
Keywords
The normal glenoid General anatomy The scapula forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle. It is a flat, triangular bone, with two surfaces, three borders, and three angles. The lateral angle is the thickest part of the bone and is sometimes called the head of the scapula. On it, there is a shallow pyriform articular surface,
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