Moss ( Hypnum amabile ) as biomonitor of genotoxic damage and as bioaccumulator of atmospheric pollutants at five differ
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Moss (Hypnum amabile) as biomonitor of genotoxic damage and as bioaccumulator of atmospheric pollutants at five different sites of Mexico City and metropolitan area Sandra Gómez-Arroyo 1 & Miguel Ángel Zavala-Sánchez 1 & César Damián Alonso-Murillo 1 & Josefina Cortés-Eslava 1 & Omar Amador-Muñoz 1 & Luis Felipe Jiménez-García 2 & Ofelia Morton-Bermea 3 Received: 29 July 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Mexico City has been classified as one megacity, its altitude, thermal inversions, and high seasonal radiation are factors that prevent dispersion of pollutants, which effects are detrimental to health. Therefore, it is important to have an organism that allows evaluate the damage caused by such exposure, as is the case of mosses that obtain nutrients from the atmosphere; this property makes them excellent biomonitors to evaluate genotoxic damage caused by exposure to pollutants, in addition to its large accumulation capacity. For these reasons and to relate the effects of atmospheric pollution with a biological response, we propose to use the moss Hypnum amabile as a bioaccumulator of atmospheric pollutants and biomonitor of the genotoxic effect that the air pollution can induce it through the comet assay. Mosses were placed in five localities of Mexico City and the metropolitan area on the first days of each month of the dry (cold and warm) and rainy seasons, with a 30-day exposure, after which they were changed for a new sample (for 8 months). Each month, the moss exposed was collected and nuclei were isolated to perform comet assay. To demonstrate heavy metal bioaccumulation capacity, samples were observed in a transmission electron microscope and qualitative microanalysis by scanning electron microscopy was carried out parallel. The chemical analysis detected 14 heavy metals by mass spectrometry method with inductively coupled plasma source. Additionally, 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to compare DNA damage of each station against control, which was maintained in the laboratory in a chamber with filtered air. This is the first study on the genotoxicity of mosses exposed to the atmosphere of Mexico City and metropolitan area that in addition to proving their accumulation capacity shows their ability to respond to atmospheric pollutants. Keywords Biomonitor . Comet assay . Heavy metals . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Atmospheric pollution . Hypnum amabile
Introduction Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Sandra Gómez-Arroyo [email protected] 1
Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambientales. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
2
Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Edificio Tlahuizcalpan, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Co
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