Motion Behavior of Nonmetallic Inclusions at the Interface of Steel and Slag. Part I: Model Development, Validation, and
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THE progress of science and technology has produced steel of higher quality. Nonmetallic inclusions are generally considered to adversely affect the performance of steel.[1] Nonmetallic inclusions are usually classified into two categories:[2] residual products resulting from alloying elements intentionally added for de-oxidation in the ladle and products resulting from reactions between the melt and the atmosphere or slag. Inclusions in metallic melts are often removed through capture by the slag phase, which is usually a molten mixture of metal oxides. In the manufacturing process, this may occur in the ladle, tundish, or mold. Lee and Sridhar[3] described the separation of inclusion in three steps: (i) the floating of inclusions to the steel–slag interface, (ii) separation into the slag phase through the interface, and (iii) dissolution into the slag phase. There have, over the years, been several attempts to study the floating process and dissolution process. Wikstrom and Nakajima[4] investigated the effect of the CHAO LIU, Ph.D. Student, formerly with the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, and is now with the Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China. SHUFENG YANG, Associate Professor, JINGSHE LI, Professor, and LIBIN ZHU, Ph.D. Student, are with the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China. XIAOGANG LI, Professor, is with the Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083. Contact eTechnology Beijing, Beijing-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted February 22, 2015 Article published online February 16, 2016. 1882—VOLUME 47B, JUNE 2016
particle size (5 to 200 lm) of inclusions in soft blow flow on separation efficiency. Ramos-Banderas[5] studied the trajectories of inclusions of different particle size with a Eulerian–Lagrangian stochastic trajectory model. Wang[6] studied the inclusion trajectory and separation rate when blowing argon or employing electromagnetic braking. Hallberg[7] and Miki et al.[8] presented models of inclusion growth and separation. Many works[9–12] have described the thermodynamics of inclusion removal. However, most of these models and studies argue that inclusions are separated and eliminated once they reach the interface between steel and slag. The second step of separating inclusions into slag has been hardly noticed. Nakajima and Okamura[13–15] put forward models predicting the separating process for nonmetallic inclusions. In the models, the particle at the interface between steel and slag is subject to four forces: the buoyancy force, added force, rebound force, and drag force. The models indicate that the overall wettability should be positive and that the slag viscosity should be as low as possible to obtain the most favorable conditions for inclusion transfer at the steel–slag interface. Cleaver and Yates[16] put forward a
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