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Motivation Gap and Achievement Gap Between Public and Private High Schools in the Philippines Allan B. I. Bernardo • Fraide A. Ganotice Jr. Ronnel B. King

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Ó De La Salle University 2014

Abstract As in many countries, public school students in the Philippines have lower levels of achievement compared to private school students. We study whether there is a motivation gap related to this achievement gap by assessing a range of motivational constructs (sense of self, facilitating conditions, and achievement goals) drawn from personal investment theory of motivation, and examining how these constructs predict various school outcomes. Filipino students (N = 1,694) enrolled in high school Chemistry from private and public high schools participated in the study. Multivariate Analysis of Variance indicated that public school students reported less support for schooling from their social groups, lower academic related self-concept, and lower achievement goals compared to private school students. Multiple regression analyses indicated that motivational variables explained a significant amount of variance in achievement and school engagement. Keywords Achievement gap
Motivation
Public school
Private school
Achievement
School engagement
Philippines

A. B. I. Bernardo (&) Department of Psychology, University of Macau, E21-3060 Humanities and Social Sciences Building, Avenida da Universidad, Taipa, Macau, SAR, China e-mail: [email protected] F. A. Ganotice Jr. City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China R. B. King Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, SAR, China

Introduction Achievement gaps can be found between social groups in different parts of the world. In some countries marked gaps in levels of achievement are found between males and females, between racial and/or ethnic groups, between urban, suburban, and rural school districts, among other groupings. In the Philippines, as it is in other countries, striking differences have been observed between students in public schools and those in private schools. The gap in achievement is often attributed to different educational inputs and processes in public and private schools. In this study, we explore a different aspect of these two types of schools by examining the motivational experiences of Filipino high school students in these two types of schools. Understanding the Achievement Gap in Public and Private Schools Strictly speaking, the public and private sectors of education are differentiated mainly by ownership of the schools, which can be either government-owned or privately owned. In the Philippines, private schools are governed by private entities, typically, religious bodies or independent boards of trustees. Funding for these schools usually come from nonpublic sources such as tuition fees and other private sources, such as foundations, religious bodies, alumni, or other private donors. Public schools receive nearly all of their funding from the government, though additional funding can also be obtained through gr