Multi-criteria assessment of the viability of valorising vegetable by-products from the distribution as secondary raw ma
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Multi-criteria assessment of the viability of valorising vegetable by-products from the distribution as secondary raw material for animal feed David San Martin 1 & Mikel Orive 1 & Ekaitz Martínez 1 & Bruno Iñarra 1 & Saioa Ramos 1 & Nagore González 2 & Alejandro Guinea de Salas 2 & Luis Alberto Vázquez 3 & Jaime Zufía 1 Received: 27 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Approximately 33% of food produced around the world is wasted. In the distribution sector, erroneous orders or demand predictions result in products that cannot be sold before the expiration date. Despite its enormous potential, a low percentage of this food wastage is valorised causing negative social, economic and environmental impacts. Vegetable food waste has potential as raw material for animal feed. However, the profitability of its valorisation depends on several key factors and there is a risk of underestimating any of them making this valorisation technically, economically or environmentally unfeasible. Moreover, the geographical dispersion requires selecting the appropriate location for the processing plant and optimising the logistics routes to collect and transport them from the origin points to the processing plant. GISWASTE tool, which combines Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with ArcGIS, has been used to simulate the viability of this valorisation alternative from a holistic point of view. In addition, a sensitivity analysis in the economic modelling has been carried out to determine the economic viability factors with more influence in the global profitability. The valorisation of vegetable food waste from distribution and retailing sector for animal feed has been considered feasible in the case study region: Basque Country (Spain). However, there are some economic uncertainties for the return of the investment. The variable with more influence over the profitability is by far the incomes from waste management (81.4%). Keywords Analytic Hierarchy Process . Circular economy . Food waste . Geographic information system . Sensitivity analysis . Feedstuff
Introduction More than one billion tonnes of food, that represents about one third of the total world production, is wasted every year (FAO 2019; Gustavsson et al. 2011). In this regard, food Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu * David San Martin [email protected] 1
AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
2
GEOGRAMA, Clemente Arráiz Margolariaren Kalea 3, E-01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
3
LKS, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Laida bidea 207C, planta -1, E-48170 Zamudio, Spain
waste consists of the edible food products that, for various reasons, are not purchased or consumed by customers or people for whom they were produced, processed, distributed, served or purchased. Food waste is the part of food that is not recovered for human consumption. Most of the food becomes food
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