Multi-organ on a chip for personalized precision medicine
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2D Nanomaterials for Healthcare and Lab-on-a-Chip Devices Prospective Article
Multi-organ on a chip for personalized precision medicine Vivekanandan Palaninathan, Vimal Kumar, and Toru Maekawa, Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan Dorian Liepmann, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Ramasamy Paulmurugan, Department of Radiology, Cellular Pathway Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Suite 2236, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA Jairam R. Eswara, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Urology, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA Pulickel M. Ajayan, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA Shine Augustine, and Bansi D. Malhotra, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India Sowmya Viswanathan, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA 02462, USA Venkatesan Renugopalakrishnan, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA D. Sakthi Kumar, Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan Address all correspondence to D. Sakthi Kumar and V. Renugoplakrishnan at [email protected] and [email protected] (Received 24 May 2018; accepted 24 July 2018)
Abstract The inefficiencies of the current pipeline from discovery to clinical approval of drugs demand a surrogate method to indicate adverse drug reactions, e.g. liver damage. Organ-on-chip (OOC) models would be an ideal, rapid, and human-specific alternate, which would render animal testing obsolete. The ground-breaking ability of OOCs and Multi-OOC constructs is the accurate simulation of the in vivo conditions of human organs leading to precise drug screens for cytotoxicity and/or drug efficacy at a faster pace and lesser cost. Here we discuss the innovation, architecture, and the progress of OOCs towards human body-on-a-chip.
Introduction Miniaturization has already worked wonders in engineering new concepts and applications in microelectronics. This trend has inspired the cell architects to conceive novel ideas that were a mere science fiction a few decades ago.[1,2] One such incredible architecture is an organ-on-chip (OOC) device, which has metamorphosed from a cool concept to a practical solution using the state-of-art technology at the micron scale. Essentially, OOC attempts to fulfill the long-sought desire of researchers who have imagined to recreate tissues and organs by etching grooves on silicon or plastic wafers to engineer a microenvironment that mimics the complex and physiological conditions in real organs.[3] It is indeed a massive leap towards understanding the cell biology that is effusively reliant o
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