Multi-residue enantioselective analysis of chiral drugs in freshwater sediments
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Multi‑residue enantioselective analysis of chiral drugs in freshwater sediments Abbey Eaglesham1 · Arron Scott1 · Bruce Petrie1 Received: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Pharmaceutical and illicit drugs are emerging contaminants found in the environment globally. Many are chiral and stereochemistry plays an important role on their environmental fate and effects. However, investigations at the enantiomeric level are limited, particularly for complex particulate matrices such as sediments. This is due to further sample processing requirements and a lack of suitable analytical methods. Therefore, here a new enantioselective methodology is proposed for 15 drugs in sediment. Sample treatment by accelerated solvent extraction and solid phase extraction was critical for subsequent enantioselective separations. Using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, a Chiral-V enantioselective column enabled multi-residue separations of anti-depressants, beta-blockers, beta-agonist, anti-histamine and stimulants. Method trueness for all enantiomers was 86–121% and method quantitation limits were below 3 ng g−1 dry weight. Application of the method revealed the enantiomeric composition of fluoxetine, amphetamine, propranolol, venlafaxine and citalopram in sediment for the first time. All drugs except venlafaxine were present in non-racemic form, i.e. unequal enantiomer concentrations. This is significant considering drug toxicity towards benthic organisms could be enantiospecific. Keywords Vancomycin · Metabolite · Septic tank · Sewage · Wastewater · River
Introduction Pharmaceutical and illicit drugs are emerging contaminants as their fate and effects in the environment are not fully understood (Cizmas et al. 2015; Wilkinson et al. 2017). The main source of drugs in the environment is the discharge of effluent from centralised wastewater treatment plants. However, septic tanks can play a significant role with 20% of United States households served by a septic tank or similar system (Schaider et al. 2017). In Scotland, 7% of the population is estimated to use a septic tank (Ramage et al. 2019). Nevertheless, little attention has been given to the impact of septic tanks to surrounding aquatic systems with respect to drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01041-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users. * Bruce Petrie [email protected] 1
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
Drug stereochemistry plays an essential role in the environmental behaviour of a drug. Approximately, 50% of drugs are chiral and exist as two or more enantiomers (KasprzykHordern 2010). Most drugs are dispensed in racemic form, i.e. equal concentration of all enantiomers, despite most of the pharmacological activity normally residing with one enantiomer. However, chiral drugs can be subject to enantiospecific metabolism in the human body a
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