Multi-walled carbon nanotube oxidation dependent keratinocyte cytotoxicity and skin inflammation
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(2019) 16:3
RESEARCH
Open Access
Multi-walled carbon nanotube oxidation dependent keratinocyte cytotoxicity and skin inflammation Brian C. Palmer1, Sarah J. Phelan-Dickenson1 and Lisa A. DeLouise1,2,3,4*
Abstract Background: The effects of carbon nanotubes on skin toxicity have not been extensively studied; however, our lab has previously shown that a carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exacerbates the 2, 4dinitrofluorobenzene induced contact hypersensitivity response in mice. Here we examine the role of carboxylation in MWCNT skin toxicity. Results: MWCNTs were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, zetasizer, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to fully characterize the physical properties. Two MWCNTs with different levels of surface carboxylation were chosen for further testing. The MWCNTs with a high level of carboxylation displayed increased cytotoxicity in a HaCaT keratinocyte cell line, compared to the MWCNTs with intermediate levels of carboxylation. However, neither functionalized MWCNT increased the level of in vitro reactive oxygen species suggesting an alternative mechanism of cytotoxicity. Each MWCNT was tested in the contact hypersensitivity model, and only the MWCNTs with greater than 20% surface carboxylation exacerbated the ear swelling responses. Analysis of the skin after MWCNT exposure reveals that the same MWCNTs with a high level of carboxylation increase epidermal thickness, mast cell and basophil degranulation, and lead to increases in polymorphonuclear cell recruitment when co-administered with 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Conclusions: The data presented here suggest that acute, topical application of low doses of MWCNTs can induce keratinocyte cytotoxicity and exacerbation of allergic skin conditions in a carboxylation dependent manner. Keywords: Nanoparticle, Carbon nanotube, Skin, Allergy, Dermatitis
Background Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are layers of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms formed into single-walled (SWCNT) or multi-walled (MWCNT) cylindrical structures that were first reported by Sumio Iijima [1, 2]. These high aspect ratio nanoparticles have a pore diameter < 100 nm and a length usually on the micron scale. Their composition imparts carbon nanotubes with unique physical properties, including both high tensile strength and electrical conductivity. The material science field has already exploited these properties to enhance polymers used in * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
vehicles and sports equipment; however, the expected levels of CNTs released from these products remains low [3]. Of greater concern are both the current occupational exposures from the manufacture of CNTs, and the potential exposures from future biomedical technologies that utilize CNTs. Early assessments of CNT manufacturing and
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