Multicore Processors and Systems
Multicore Processors and Systems provides a comprehensive overview of emerging multicore processors and systems. It covers technology trends affecting multicores, multicore architecture innovations, multicore software innovations, and case studies of stat
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Stephen W. Keckler Kunle Olukotun H. Peter Hofstee Editors
Multicore Processors and Systems
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Integrated Circuits and Systems
Series Editor A. Chandrakasan Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7236
Stephen W. Keckler · Kunle Olukotun · H. Peter Hofstee Editors
Multicore Processors and Systems
12 3
Editors Stephen W. Keckler The University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station, C0500 Austin, TX 78712-0233 USA [email protected]
Kunle Olukotun Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-9030 USA [email protected]
H. Peter Hofstee IBM Systems and Technology Group 11500 Burnet Rd. Austin, TX 78758 USA [email protected]
ISSN 1558-9412 ISBN 978-1-4419-0262-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-0263-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0263-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2009930936 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
While the last 30 years has seen the computer industry driven primarily by faster and faster uniprocessors, those days have come to a close. Emerging in their place are microprocessors containing multiple processor cores that are expected to exploit parallelism. The computer industry has not abandoned uniprocessor performance as the key systems performance driver by choice, but it has been forced in this direction by technology limitations, primarily microprocessor power. Limits on transistor scaling have led to a distinct slowdown in the rate at which transistor switching energies improve. Coupled with clear indications that customers’ tolerance level for power per chip has been reached, successive generations of microprocessors can now no longer significantly increase frequency. While architectural enhancements to a single-threaded core cannot pick up the slack, multicore processors promise historical performance growth rates, albeit only on sufficiently parallel applications and at the expense of additional programming effort. Multicore design has its challenges as well. Replication of cores communicating primarily with off-chip memory and I/O leads to off-chip bandwidth demands inversely proportional t
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