Multiferroics: Looking back and going forward
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ltiferroics: Looking back and going forward 1
LIU YunYa & LI JiangYu 1
2*
Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China Received September 26, 2020; accepted November 2, 2020; published online November 10, 2020
Citation:
Liu Y Y, Li J Y. Multiferroics: Looking back and going forward. Sci China Tech Sci, 2020, 63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-020-1742-7
Multiferroics refer to a material system with the coexistence of two or more ferroic orders, such as ferroelastic order, ferroelectric order, and magnetic order [1]. The couplings among different ferroic orders result in the multi-field couplings among mechanical, electric, and magnetic fields, allowing multiferroics to exhibit fascinating multi-functional properties [2]. In particular, the attractive magnetoelectric coupling makes it possible to manipulate polarization by an external magnetic field, or to control magnetization by an external electric field, offering an intriguing mechanism for devices, such as data storage, magnetoelectric sensors, and other potential technological products. Magnetoelectric coupling does not follow time-reversal symmetry, and thus in the earlier days, it was postulated that magnetoelectric coupling did not exist in materials, until Landau and Lifshitz found that time reversal is not a symmetry operation in some magnetic crystals [3], inferring that magnetoelectric coupling may exist in spin ordered crystals. The existence of magnetoelectric coupling was first predicted in chromium oxide by Dzyaloshinskii [4]. Then magnetoelectric coupling, in the form of induction of magnetization by an electric field, was first detected by Astrov [5] in the experiments. Subsequently, the magnetoelectric coupling, in the form of induction of polarization by a magnetic field, was observed in chromium oxide in the experiments by Rado and Folen [6]. For a long time afterward, some single-phase multiferroics have also been discovered, *Corresponding author (email: [email protected])
and the requirements of structure and symmetry for a crystal to possess multiferroicity were summarized by Schmid [1]. However, most of the single-phase multiferroics show very week magnetoelectric coupling only at low temperature. To achieve magnetoelectric coupling near room temperature, multiferroic composites, composed of a ferroelectric constituent and a magnetic constituent, have been designed for generating magnetoelectric coupling through the product effect between piezoelectric and piezomagnetic (magnetostrictive) effects, which are connected by the elastic field in composites [7]. The room-temperature magnetoelectric coupling discovered in bismuth ferrite renewably has ignited interests to the studies of single-phase multiferroics [8]. In 2005, Fiebig [9] reviewed the revival of magnetoelectric effe
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