Musculoskeletal Fitness, Health Outcomes and Quality of Life
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Sports Med 2001; 31 (12): 863-873 0112-1642/01/0012-0863/$22.00/0 © Adis International Limited. All rights reserved.
Musculoskeletal Fitness, Health Outcomes and Quality of Life Robert T. Kell, Gordon Bell and Art Quinney University of Alberta, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Musculoskeletal Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Heart Rate, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output . . . . . . . 1.2 Blood Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Diabetes Mellitus, Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Response 2. Health Implications of Musculoskeletal Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Body Composition and Muscle Fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Independent Living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living . . . . 3.2.2 Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Musculoskeletal Fitness, Health Status and Aging . . . . . . . . . 5. Conclusions and Clinical Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abstract
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The health benefits and quality-of-life outcomes of a fit musculoskeletal system (musculoskeletal fitness) are reviewed in this article. The World Health Organization suggests health is a state of complete physical, mental or social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Physical health includes such characteristics as body size and shape, sensory acuity, susceptibility to disease and disorders, body functioning, recuperative ability and the ability to perform certain tasks. One aspect of physical health is the musculoskeletal system, which consists of 3 components; muscular strength, endurance and flexibility. Muscular strength (dynamic) is defined as the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specific velocity. Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a load for an extended period of time. Flexibility has 2 components, dynamic or static, where dynamic flexibility is the opposition or resistance of a joint to motion
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