Myco-decontamination of azo dyes: nano-augmentation technologies
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Myco‑decontamination of azo dyes: nano‑augmentation technologies Anu Kalia1 · Swarnjeet Singh2 Received: 8 April 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract Effluents of textile, paper, and related industries contain significant amounts of synthetic dyes which has serious environmental and health implications. Remediation of dyes through physical and chemical techniques has specific limitations. Augmented biological decontamination strategies ‘microbial remediation’ may involve ring-opening of dye molecules besides the reduction of constituent metal ions. Both bacterial and fungal genera are known to exhibit metabolic versatility which can be harnessed for effective bio-removal of the toxic dye contaminants. Ascomycetous/basidiomycetes fungi can effectively decontaminate azo dyes through laccase/peroxidase enzyme-mediated catalysis. The extent, efficacy, and range of fungal dye decontamination can be enhanced by the conjugated application of nanomaterials, including nanoparticles (NPs) and their composites. Fungal cell-enabled NP synthesis- ‘myco-farmed NPs’, is a low-cost strategy for scaled-up fabrication of a variety of metal, metal oxide, non-metal oxide NPs through oxidation/reduction of dissolved ions/molecules by extracellular biomolecules. Augmented and rapid decontamination of azo dyes at high concentrations can be achieved by the use of mycofarmed NPs, NPs adsorbed fungal biomass, and nano-immobilized fungi-derived bio-catalytical agents. This manuscript will explore the opportunities and benefits of mycoremediation and application of fungus-NP bionanoconjugate to remediate dye pollutants in wastewaters and land contaminated with the effluent of textile industries. Keywords Augmented remediation · Fungal genera · Laccase · Nanoparticles · Organic dyes
Introduction Bioremediation technologies involve the use of natural biota and their processes to reduce pollutant load in contaminated niches, which aim for environment sustenance (Ahmedna et al. 2004). Microbial remediation, inoculation of xenobiotic degrading/mineralizing microorganisms, is a useful technology for the clean-up of the contaminated site. The environment prudence of this considerably articulate technology gives it an edge over the existing chemical and physical techniques (Beydill et al. 1998). The microbial remediation of textile, paper, and related industrial effluents containing high concentrations of synthetic dyes can
* Anu Kalia [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
2
prove to be an effective strategy to decontaminate complex ecological niches. The metabolic versatility of both prokaryotic bacteria and eukaryotic fungal cells and the diversity of enzymes/other prot
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