N -methylferrocenyl- N -ethylhydroxy ammonium nitrate: synthesis, characterization, and sensitizer in dye-sensitized sol
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N‑methylferrocenyl‑N‑ethylhydroxy ammonium nitrate: synthesis, characterization, and sensitizer in dye‑sensitized solar cells Mohd. Muddassir1 Received: 30 March 2020 / Accepted: 11 May 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract A new ferrocene-containing hydronitrate salt with formula N-methylferrocenyl-N-ethylhydroxy ammonium nitrate has been synthesized and characterized using microanalyses, UV–Vis, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry as well 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and finally by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The solid-state structure of the compound is stabilized by several O–H···ONO2 and N–H···ONO2 hydrogen bonding interactions and which lead to the formation of 2D sheet. Also, C–H···π interaction is also evinced in the solid state which further stabilizes the cation. These interactions have been addressed with the aid of Hirshfeld surface analyses and fingerprint plots. The cation has been used as sensitizer in dyesensitized solar cell and displayed short-circuit current (Jsc) and open-circuit potential (Voc) parameters of 6.80 mA cm−2 and 0.63 V, respectively, while the efficiency (η) of the cell setup is 3.1%.
Introduction During the last 2 decades, the designing and fabrication of non-conventional photovoltaic technology, i.e., dyesensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is creating zeal among the materials scientists and chemists [1–9]. This is because they possess relative advancement in comparison with the conventional silicon-based photovoltaic devices. Till date, the DSSCs displayed the maximum conversion efficiency of 11.4% [10] to 14.3% [11]. Among the several important components which are used to fabricate the suitable DSSCs, the most important component is the sensitizer as it controls the light-harvesting and charge separation properties [1]. The molecular structure of sensitizers can be tuned to enhance its solar light-harvesting capacity, and this enhancement can be achieved by altering the chromophores and anchoring groups [12–14]. In light of this aspect, several metal-based sensitizer viz. Ru-based dyes [15–17], Zn porphyrins and perovskites [18–22] have been utilized, which Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11243-020-00397-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
offered enhanced photovoltaic efficiencies. However, their high cost, especially a problem with Ru-based dyes, restricts their real-world application. To cope with this techno-economic issue, several organic dyes have also been used as sensitizers in DSSCs [23–26]. Apart from the aforementioned type of sensitizers, ferrocenyl derivatives have also been utilized as possible photosensitizers in DSSC by several research groups [27–43]. The selection of ferrocene derivatives as sensitizers is because the ferrocenyl center possess well-defined reversible oneelectron redox behavior [44–46] and favorable electrondonating properties [44, 47, 48]. Additionally, their oneelectron redox potential as well as the electronic abs
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