NaClO 4 added, corn and arrowroot starch based economical, high conducting electrolyte membranes for flexible energy dev
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NaClO4 added, corn and arrowroot starch based economical, high conducting electrolyte membranes for flexible energy devices Jagdish Kumar Chauhan1 · Dipti Yadav1 · Madhavi Yadav1 · Manindra Kumar2 · Tuhina Tiwari1 · Neelam Srivastava1 Received: 21 November 2019 / Accepted: 31 March 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The increasing flexible and wearable electronic technology, demands cost effective and flexible energy devices which are safe to human body. Hence the benign biodegradable materials are becoming important class of materials for wearable energy devices. Starch is one such potential host renewable polymer which is abundant in nature and economical. Being a food ingredient, it is safe for human body. Its properties depends upon the amylose and amylopectin content in it and hence two different starches, corn (~ 27% amylose) and arrowroot (~ 15% amylose) are modified by sodium salt (NaClO4) and glutaraldehyde to develop flexible, transparent and free standing electrolyte membranes with high conductivity (> 10–3 S/cm). They have wide electrochemical stability window (> 2 V reaching upto 3.5 V) and low ESR. The relaxation time is of the order of µs and the cyclic voltammetry has indicated EDLC type of charge storage. At low frequency, the values of C p/Cs are approaching to 1, indicating that all the available charges are polarizable and contributing to charge storage. The resonance frequency and frequency (f−45°) at which phase angle is −45°, are in kHz frequency range, i.e. the working frequency range is quite high. Electrolytes having corn starch (i.e. greater amount of amylose) have better performance on every electrochemical figure of merit. Keywords Biopolymers · Flexible electrolyte · ESW · Relaxation time
1 Introduction The technology of wearable electronics is advancing at great pace and hence energy devices which are safe to human beings and cost effective are the demand of the time. That’s why researchers are trying to synthesize basic components (electrode and electrolytes) of energy devices from natural/ renewable materials. The present paper deals with electrolytes for flexible and wearable devices. Ions, being bigger particle, need more space for moving and that’s why the liquid electrolytes always give better conductivity in comparison to solid electrolytes, but many drawbacks like leakage, corrosion etc. are associated with them. Hence polymer electrolytes, which have solid physique and amorphous morphology, gained great popularity after the work
of Armand and White in 1970s. Their work led to investigation of different combinations of polymers and additives (fillers and/or plasticizers) to achieve better electrochemical parameters along with making it cost effective, safe and environment friendly. In past few decades, polymers like Chitosan, Agar–agar, Cellulose etc. [1, 2]. which are benign to environment and human body, are being explored for the purpose. Unfortunately their conductivity and mechanical behavior are not good enough for commercial applications. In th
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