Nanocarbon-Enhanced 2D Photoelectrodes: A New Paradigm in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
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REVIEW
Cite as Nano-Micro Lett. (2021) 13:24 Received: 28 July 2020 Accepted: 30 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00545-8
Nanocarbon‑Enhanced 2D Photoelectrodes: A New Paradigm in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Jun Ke1,2, Fan He1, Hui Wu2, Siliu Lyu1, Jie Liu3 *, Bin Yang1, Zhongjian Li1, Qinghua Zhang1, Jian Chen6, Lecheng Lei1,4, Yang Hou1,4,5 *, Kostya Ostrikov7
HIGHLIGHTS • Layered integrated photoelectrodes for water splitting incorporating nanocarbon co-catalysts are systematically reviewed. • The correlations between intrinsic structures, optimized configurations, and water splitting performances of layered integrated photoelectrodes are established and analyzed. • Various synthetic strategies and assembling procedures are critically examined to enhance water splitting performance of layered integrated photoelectrodes. • Current challenges and future directions for maximizing the efficiency of photoelectrochemical water splitting are outlined.
ABSTRACT Solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting systems are highly promising for converting
solar energy into clean and sustainable chemical energy. In such PEC systems, an integrated photoelectrode incorporates a light harvester for absorbing solar energy, an interlayer for transporting photogenerated charge carriers, and a co-catalyst for triggering redox reactions. Thus, understanding the correlations between the intrinsic structural properties and functions of the photoelectrodes is crucial. Here we critically examine various 2D layered photoanodes/photocathodes, including graphitic carbon nitrides, transition metal dichalcogenides, layered double hydroxides, layered bismuth oxyhalide nanosheets, and MXenes, combined with advanced nanocarbons (carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphdiyne) as co-catalysts to assemble integrated photoelectrodes for oxygen evolution/hydrogen evolution reactions. The fundamental principles of PEC water splitting and physicochemical properties of photoelectrodes and the associated catalytic reactions are analyzed. Elaborate strategies for the assembly of 2D photoelectrodes with nanocarbons to enhance the PEC performances are introduced. The mechanisms of interplay of 2D photoelectrodes and nanocarbon co-catalysts are further discussed. The challenges and opportunities in the field are identified to guide future research for maximizing the conversion efficiency of PEC water splitting. KEYWORDS Advanced nanocarbons; Co-catalysts; 2D layered structure; Integrated photoelectrodes; Photoelectrochemical water splitting
* Jie Liu, [email protected]; Yang Hou, [email protected] 1 Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, People’s Republic of China Vol.:(0123456789)
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1 Introduction Conversion of clean and renewable solar energy into storable chemical energy is a viable and sustainable approach to solving the grand challenges
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