Nanoelectrochemistry in the study of single-cell signaling
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REVIEW
Nanoelectrochemistry in the study of single-cell signaling Ran Chen 1 & Kristen Alanis 1 & Theresa M. Welle 1 & Mei Shen 1 Received: 15 February 2020 / Revised: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 8 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Label-free biosensing has been the dream of scientists and biotechnologists as reported by Vollmer and Arnold (Nat Methods 5:591–596, 2008). The ability of examining living cells is crucial to cell biology as noted by Fang (Int J Electrochem 2011:460850, 2011). Chemical measurement with electrodes is label-free and has demonstrated capability of studying living cells. In recent years, nanoelectrodes of different functionality have been developed. These nanometer-sized electrodes, coupled with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), have further enabled nanometer spatial resolution study in aqueous environments. Developments in the field of nanoelectrochemistry have allowed measurement of signaling species at single cells, contributing to better understanding of cell biology. Leading studies using nanoelectrochemistry of a variety of cellular signaling molecules, including redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine), non-redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., acetylcholine), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are reviewed here. Keywords Nanoelectrochemistry . Single cell . Neurotransmitters . ROS/RNS . Nanoelectrode
Introduction Nanoelectrochemistry plays critical roles in a broad range of interdisciplinary research, spanning biochemistry, neuroscience, catalysis, molecular electronics, nanoscience (e.g., nanopores, nanobubbles, and nanoparticles), polymer science, electrodeposition, and renewable technologies [1–12]. Conducting chemical measurements in solution with nanometer spatial resolution, high temporal resolution, and ultra-high sensitivity and selectivity has been achieved with the recent advancements in nanoelectrochemistry. For example, nanoresolved scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) [13–15] has been successfully used in the high-resolution imaging of ion transport through single nanopores [16, 17], where non-resolution imaging was achieved by scanning a 17-nm radius nanoelectrode at a distance as low as 1.3 nm from a highly porous silicon membrane (Fig. 1a) [16]. Catalytic properties of the single individual nanoparticles Published in the topical collection featuring Female Role Models in Analytical Chemistry. * Mei Shen [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
have also been studied using nano-resolved SECM and nanoelectrodes with nanometer resolution (Fig. 1b, c) [18–23]. Nanoelectrochemistry with single molecule sensitivity has also been demonstrated [24–42]. Single hydrogen nanobubble nucleation has been studied on Pt nanoelectrodes and the critical nucleus size of stable nanobubbles has been analyzed [43–48]. Nanometric field-effect transistor devices have been developed to detect
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