Nanoindentation
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Nanoindentation Nikolaos Michailidisa*, Konstantinos-Dionysios Bouzakisb, Ludger Koendersc and Konrad Herrmannc a Physical Metallurgy Laboratory & Fraunhofer Project Center Coatings in Manufacturing (PCCM) / Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece b Laboratory for Machine Tools and Manufacturing Engineering & Fraunhofer Project Center Coatings in Manufacturing (PCCM) / Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, Germany c Surface Metrology, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
Synonyms Indentation in nanoscale; Nano-range instrumented indentation
Definition Nanoindentation is a method for testing the hardness and related mechanical properties of materials, facilitated by high-precision instrumentation in the nanometer scale, as well as analytical and computational algorithms for result evaluation.
Theory and Application History The origin of the indentation method goes back to Martens at the end of the nineteenth century (Martens 1898). Later, the force–indentation depth curve and a method for deriving hardness and elastic modulus were described (Ternovskij et al. 1973). In the early 1980s, the development of a high-resolution nanoindentation followed (Newey et al. 1982). In the 1990s, refinements to the instrumentation and methods for extracting mechanical properties from the test contributed to the establishing of nanoindentation as an important tool in materials research (Oliver and Pharr 1992 and Field and Swain 1993). Since then, further developments of the technique and its use in a range of materials have been performed. This is highlighted by several special focus series, the most notable being the Journal of Materials Research series in the years 1999, 2004, and 2009. The CIRP Annals in 2010 published a keynote paper on nanoindentation (Lucca et al. 2010). The standardization of the instrumented indentation test started in the 1990s in Germany (DIN 50359-1 to -3), establishing the basis for the development of the international standard ISO 14577-1 to -3, published in 2002. To address the peculiarities of indentation of thin films and coatings, the ISO 14577-4 was developed. In 2008, the ISO/TR 29381 was published, allowing for the evaluation of tensile properties of metallic materials by instrumented indentation.
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CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35950-7_16730-1 # CIRP 2014
Theory Method and Instrumentation Method During an instrumented indentation test, the applied test force and the indentation depth of the indenter are continuously measured. ISO 14577-1 defines three application ranges: – Nano-range: hmax 200 nm – Micro-range hmax > 200 nm and Fmax < 2 N – Macro-range 2 N Fmax 30 kN Typical indenter materials include diamond, tungsten carbide, and sapphire. Indenter geometries are pyramidal with square base (Vickers), pyramidal with triangular base (Berkovich and cube corner), and sphe
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