Nanomaterial-mediated autophagy: coexisting hazard and health benefits in biomedicine
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REVIEW
Open Access
Nanomaterial-mediated autophagy: coexisting hazard and health benefits in biomedicine Xiaoli Feng1†, Yaqing Zhang2†, Chao Zhang3, Xuan Lai2, Yanli Zhang1, Junrong Wu2, Chen Hu2 and Longquan Shao2*
Abstract Background: Widespread biomedical applications of nanomaterials (NMs) bring about increased human exposure risk due to their unique physicochemical properties. Autophagy, which is of great importance for regulating the physiological or pathological activities of the body, has been reported to play a key role in NM-driven biological effects both in vivo and in vitro. The coexisting hazard and health benefits of NM-mediated autophagy in biomedicine are nonnegligible and require our particular concerns. Main body: We collected research on the toxic effects related to NM-mediated autophagy both in vivo and in vitro. Generally, NMs can be delivered into animal models through different administration routes, or internalized by cells through different uptake pathways, exerting varying degrees of damage in tissues, organs, cells, and organelles, eventually being deposited in or excreted from the body. In addition, other biological effects of NMs, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, have been associated with autophagy and cooperate to regulate body activities. We therefore highlight that NM-mediated autophagy serves as a double-edged sword, which could be utilized in the treatment of certain diseases related to autophagy dysfunction, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and cardiovascular disease. Challenges and suggestions for further investigations of NM-mediated autophagy are proposed with the purpose to improve their biosafety evaluation and facilitate their wide application. Databases such as PubMed and Web of Science were utilized to search for relevant literature, which included all published, Epub ahead of print, in-process, and non-indexed citations. Conclusion: In this review, we focus on the dual effect of NM-mediated autophagy in the biomedical field. It has become a trend to use the benefits of NM-mediated autophagy to treat clinical diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of NM-mediated autophagy in biomedicine is also helpful for reducing the toxic effects of NMs as much as possible. Keywords: Nanomaterials, Autophagy, Physicochemical property, Hazard, Medical benefit, Pyroptosis, Non-coding RNAs, Anticancer, Neurodegenerative disease
* Correspondence: [email protected] † Feng Xiaoli and Zhang Yaqing contributed equally to this work. 2 Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Street, Guangzhou 510515, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original au
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