Nanoparticles of Ag, Au, Pd, and Cu produced by alcohol reduction of the salts
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Nanoparticles of Ag, Au, Pd, and Cu produced by alcohol reduction of the salts S. Ayyappan Materials Research Centre and CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
R. Srinivasa Gopalan Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
G. N. Subbanna Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
C. N. R. Raoa) Materials Research Centre and CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India (Received 25 April 1996; accepted 16 July 1996)
Nanoparticles of Ag, Au, Pd, and Cu have been prepared by the reduction of their salts by ethyl alcohol under refluxing conditions in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). In the case of Au and Cu, it was necessary to use magnesium metal as a catalyst during the reduction. The nanoparticles are in the 5–35 nm range in the case of Ag, Au, and Pd, but there is considerable agglomeration in the case of Cu even in the presence of PVP.
I. INTRODUCTION
Fine metal particles of uniform size and shape and of high purity are of technological importance in the electronics industry and are used in conducting inks, paints, and adhesives.1,2 Monodispersed metal particles of near micron dimensions have been successfully prepared by the polyol process.2 In the polyol process, a metal salt is reduced by a liquid polyol such as ethylene glycol under refluxing conditions. By this method, monodispersed microparticles of silver, gold, copper, and cobalt have been prepared.2,3 There has been some effort recently to prepare nanometric metal particles. For example, Puvvada et al.4 have used the bicontinuous cubic phase of glycerol mono-oleate for synthesizing Pd nanoparticles of ,4 nm diameter. Gold nanoparticles have been prepared by the reduction of HAuCl4 by tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride by Duff et al.5 Nanoparticles of Ag–Pd and Cu–Pd alloys with diameters in the 5–40 nm range have been prepared over the entire range of compositions by employing the heterogeneous reaction between dry methanol or ethanol with intimate mixtures of AgNO3 1 PdOx and CuOx 1 PdOx , respectively.6 We considered it fruitful to explore whether a simple alcohol such as ethanol can be used effectively as a reducing agent to prepare nanometric particles of various metals. In this paper, a)
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J. Mater. Res., Vol. 12, No. 2, Feb 1997
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we report the successful preparation of silver, gold, palladium, and copper nanoparticles using ethanol as the reducing agent. In preparing these nanoparticles, we have employed polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the protective agent to control the formation of the metal colloids and to stabilize them. PVP has been used as a protective agent by other workers in the preparation
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