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J. Ping Liu Eric Fullerton Oliver Gutleisch David J. Sellmyer Editors

Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Applications Foreword by Peter Grünberg

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Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Applications

J. Ping Liu Eric Fullerton Oliver Gutfleisch David J. Sellmyer Editors

Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Applications

Foreword by Peter Gr¨unberg

123

Editors J. Ping Liu University of Texas, Arlington Department of Physics 502 Yates Street Arlington, TX 76019 USA [email protected]

Eric Fullerton University of California, San Diego Center for Magnetic Recording Research 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0401 USA [email protected]

Oliver Gutfleisch Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) Institute of Metallic Materials Helmholtzstr. 20 D-01069 Dresden Germany [email protected]

David J. Sellmyer Department of Physics and Astronomy and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68588-0113 USA [email protected]

ISBN 978-0-387-85598-1 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-85600-1

e-ISBN 978-0-387-85600-1

Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2008943510 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009  All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword

The appearance of materials with dimensions on the nanoscale has brought new stimulus also to magnetism. The discoveries of giant magnetoresistance and tunnel magnetoresistance can be seen as a result of this development. Generally, magnetism tends to become weaker or even disappears when the geometrical dimensions of samples are decreased. In thin films used for data storage in magnetic recording, for example, this can lead to instability of stored information. However, this trend is not always to the disadvantage of possible applications. In small nanoscale particles, for example, the occurrence of superparamagnetism leads to hysteresis-free magnetization curves with vanishing remanence. This is useful when the magnetic response should be given as much as possible by an external field rather than by the “magnetic history” of the material. There are numerous examples for this in medical applications as described in this volume. On the other hand – to dwell a little further on the mentioned p