Nanotechnologies for enhancing cancer immunotherapy
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TRACT Immunotherapy, a burgeoning field differs from traditional cancer treatments, is revolutionizing oncologic therapeutics. It aims to stimulate the innate and adaptive immune system of a patient to fight against tumor cells. However, low response rate and immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) remain problems during its management. A novel technology using nanomaterials may bring a solution. Various nanoparticles have been investigated as delivery systems to augment cancer therapeutic efficacy in the lab and clinic. In this review, we briefly summarize the connotation of immunotherapy, the application of nanotechnology in cancer, especially focusing on the synergistic effect of nanoplatform-based technology combined with cancer immunotherapy, hoping to make readers a deep insight into this interdisciplinary field.
KEYWORDS cancer immunotherapy, nanoplatform-based technology, combination therapy, synergistic effect
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Introduction
Cancer is a deadly disease that is difficult to cure in modern society. With an increasing incidence rate, it estimated over 20 million new cancer cases and over 10 million cancer-related deaths annually by 2030 due to population growth, worldwide aging and the high-risk factors arising from changes in human development, putting heavy burdens on nations and overall economic environment [1–3]. So, scientists and clinicians make efforts to develop effective treatments for cancer. Following by the clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade therapy, the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine implied, immunotherapy for cancer is regarded as a research hotspot in the next decades, despite a majority of patients show low response to it and it is unlikely to eliminate the immunerelated adverse effects (irAEs) completely [4]. Additionally, traditional intervention methods for cancer like surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy also have obvious disadvantages in efficient rate, retention rate, stability and toxicity, especially for advanced cancer with high risk of metastasis. Therefore, how to augment immunotherapy alone or in combination with other cancer therapies remains a problem that needs to be settled. Nanoplatform-based technology is to use nano-sized materials with diverse physicochemical properties to load therapeutic contents and simultaneously modify specific ligands, monoclonal antibodies, cell membrane, etc. on the surface of nanoparticles for actively or passively targeting tumor sites or local environment around the tumor. The growing exploration in nanotechnology reflects a lot of appealing features: increased therapeutic efficacy with reduced toxicity, improved pharmacological properties (including stability, solubility, circulating half-life, tumor accumulation and so on), precise control reflected in targeting ability and slow release, the ability to
cross bio-barriers, extra-diversity of carrying contents and the therapeutic properties of nanomaterials themselves [5]. In addition to common carrier forms known as liposome, polymer (micelle, vesicle, hydrogel), bioma
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