Natural Computing Algorithms

The field of natural computing has been the focus of a substantial research effort in recent decades. One particular strand of this research concerns the development of computational algorithms using metaphorical inspiration from systems and phenomena tha

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Anthony Brabazon Michael O'Neill Seán McGarraghy

Natural Computing Algorithms

Natural Computing Series Series Editors: G. Rozenberg Th. Bäck A.E. Eiben J.N. Kok H.P. Spaink Leiden Center for Natural Computing

Advisory Board: S. Amari G. Brassard K.A. De Jong C.C.A.M. Gielen T. Head L. Kari L. Landweber T. Martinetz Z. Michalewicz M.C. Mozer E. Oja G. Paun J. Reif H. Rubin A. Salomaa M. Schoenauer ˘ H.-P. Schwefel C. Torras D. Whitley E. Winfree J.M. Zurada

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4190

Anthony Brabazon • Michael O’Neill Seán McGarraghy

Natural Computing Algorithms

Anthony Brabazon Natural Computing Research & Applications Group School of Business University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland

Michael O’Neill Natural Computing Research & Applications Group School of Business University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland

Seán McGarraghy Natural Computing Research & Applications Group School of Business University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland Series Editors G. Rozenberg (Managing Editor) Th. Bäck, J.N. Kok, H.P. Spaink Leiden Center for Natural Computing Leiden University Leiden, The Netherlands A.E. Eiben VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands

ISSN 1619-7127 Natural Computing Series ISBN 978-3-662-43630-1 ISBN 978-3-662-43631-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-43631-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951433 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To Maria, Kevin and Rose Tony

To Gr´ainne, Aoife, Michael, Caoimhe, my father John & to the memory of my mother Jane Mike

To Milena, Martin and Alex, and my mother Mary; and to the memory of my father Michael Se´ an

Preface

The field of natural computing has been the focus of a substantial research effort in recent decades. One particular strand of this co