Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurosurgery

This book is the first comprehensive work summarizing the advances that have been made in the neurosurgical use of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) over the past ten years. Having increasingly gained acceptance as a presurgical mapping m

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Sandro M. Krieg Editor

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Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurosurgery

Sandro M. Krieg Editor

Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurosurgery

Editor Sandro M. Krieg TU München Klinikum rechts der Isar München Germany

ISBN 978-3-319-54917-0    ISBN 978-3-319-54918-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54918-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945331 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Foreword

With the goal to achieve optimal precision and safety in the operating theater, a neurosurgeon must investigate not only the structure and vasculature of the brain but also its neural functions. The human central nervous system (CNS) is the single most complex organ in the known universe, and its functional networks are not yet perfectly understood. In this setting, in order to preserve the quality of life of patients who will undergo brain surgery, it is crucial to study the organization of neural circuits before removal of a part of the CNS affected by a cerebral disease, e.g., epilepsy or tumor. Due to a major interindividual anatomo-functional variability, especially in case of brain lesions, which can induce mechanisms of neuroplasticity, mapping techniques are very helpful to understand the distribution of cortical and subcortical pathways underlying motor, language, cognitive, and emotional functions at the individual level. To this end, intraoperative direct electrical stimulation (DES) in awake patients remains the gold standard to optimize the extent of resection (EOR) while minimizing neurological morbidity. However, even though this method allows re