Neighborhood Context and the Risk for Developmental Disabilities in Early Childhood
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Neighborhood Context and the Risk for Developmental Disabilities in Early Childhood Lisa M. Blair1 · Jodi L. Ford2,3,4 Published online: 17 June 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The effects of place on human health and development have been extensively studied in recent years in the adult and adolescent populations, but minimal research has addressed neighborhood effects in early childhood. This analysis of the National Survey of Children’s Health 2011/2012 cross-sectional survey examined relationships between risk for developmental disability in early childhood and neighborhood characteristics in a nationally-representative sample of children ages 0–5 years. Parents reported on their child’s development using a well-validated parent report screening tool for developmental problems (the Parent’s Evaluation of Developmental Status tool), and neighborhood and family characteristics. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted for each of three neighborhood variables: physical disorder, safety, and isolation. After controlling for parental and child characteristics, the three neighborhood variables were each significantly associated with moderate (but not severe) risk versus low to no risk for developmental disabilities. When all neighborhood characteristics were included simultaneously in the same model, only physical disorder remained statistically significant [OR 1.44 (95% CI 1.09–1.91)], though modestly attenuated. These results suggest that neighborhoods may have effects on early childhood development, after controlling for individual child, parental, and family characteristics. Keywords Neighborhood context · Early childhood development · Developmental disability · National Survey of Children’s Health 2011/2012
Significance Neighborhood context is well documented as a determinant of adult and adolescent health, but little research has addressed the effects of neighborhood context on early childhood development. Regional differences in developmental disabilities exist, indicating that place may be important to early childhood development. This study found that neighborhood context (physical disorder) is associated with * Lisa M. Blair [email protected] * Jodi L. Ford [email protected] 1
University of Virginia School of Nursing, 202 Jeanette Lancaster Way, MCL 5027, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
2
The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 320 Newton Hall, 1585 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
3
Center for Women Children & Youth, Columbus, USA
4
Institute for Population Research, Columbus, USA
the risk for developmental disabilities in early childhood (ages 0–5) in a nationally-representative survey sample (n = 27,059) after controlling for socioeconomic family context and parent characteristics. Neighborhoods may have direct or indirect effects on early childhood development amenable to community-based intervention.
Introduction Developmental disabilities, characterized by a failure to meet developmental milestones within a t
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