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N-Acetyl-D-Mannosamine Definition ManNAc is a specific substrate for the synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid, the essential precursor of bacterial capsular polysialic acid. N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine is used for the synthesis of sialic acid. It is also a synthetic intermediate for a number of carbohydratederived families of biologically active compounds and pharmaceutical candidates. ▶Biochemical Engineering of Glycoproteins ▶Glycosylation of Proteins

they are membrane-bound and require activation by cytosolic factors that are recruited by specific receptormediated signaling events. The catalytic units, the Nox proteins, are multidomain proteins that contain heme and flavine. They differ between tissues and depend on different activators. The best investigated system is the one responsible for the respiratory burst of macrophages. It comprises gp91phox (=Nox2) as catalytic unit p22phox, the GTP binding protein Rac and p47phox, p40phox and p67phox as phosphorylation-dependent activators. ▶Free Radicals

NADPH + H+/NAD+ N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Definition ▶Biochemical Engineering of Glycoproteins ▶Sialic Acid

N-Acylation

Abbreviations for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced, oxidized, respectively): this is a chemical co-factor required for reactions where a molecule is reduced, for example, the reaction catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase. In this process, the reduced form NAPH + H+ is converted to the oxidized form NAD+. ▶DNA Ligases ▶Nucleotide Biosynthesis

▶Amide-Linkage

Naked Cuticle NADPH Oxidase Definition NADPH oxidases are members of a group of complex proteins that produce superoxide radicals. Typically,

Definition Naked (NKD)1 and NKD2 are mammalian homologs of Drosophila Naked Cuticle, which negatively regulates Wnt signaling by binding ▶Dishevelled. Nkd contains an EF-like calcium binding domain. ▶Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway

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‘Naked’ DNA

‘Naked’ DNA Definition “Naked” DNA defines, in general, pure DNA without any protein(s) attached. DNA is “naked” when purified. ▶DNA-based Vaccination

NALD ▶Infantile Refsum Disease

Narcolepsy. Figure 1 Current pathogenetic model of narcolepsy. Based on a genetic predisposition external factors induce an orexin deficiency (e.g. through an autoimmune process). Orexin deficiency leads to sleep related symptoms and disturbances of endocrine and metabolic networks which interact in a yet poorly defined manner (for details see text).

Narcolepsy T HOMAS P OLLMA¨CHER Center of Mental Health, Clinical Center Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany [email protected]

However, the definitive pathophysiological role of these peptides remains to be unraveled. Although there is no cure for narcolepsy, there are a number of effective drug treatments that considerably improve sleepiness and cataplexy.

Characteristics Synonyms Naracolepsy-cataplexy; Maladie de Gélineau

Definition Narcolepsy is a rare human sleep disorder (life time prevalence about 1:2000) characterized by 2 major symptoms. These are excessive daytime sleepiness of