Neuroendocrinology of Stress
The response to stress involves the active release of hormones and other mediators that produce adaptation in the aftermath of acute stress (allostasis) and yet can lead to pathophysiology when the same mediators are not shut off or are dysregulated over
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Neuroendocrinology of Stress
B. S. McEwen . S. Chattarji
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3
The Response to Stress: Neuroendocrinology and Neurochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Allostasis and Allostatic Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Adrenal Steroids and Their Receptors and Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Adrenal Steroid Receptors and Effects on Excitability and Neurochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Adrenal Steroid Metabolism as a Control Point for Glucocorticoid Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Allostasis and Mechanisms for Neuroendocrine Adaptation of HPA Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
The Effects of Stress: Behavior, Cells, Synapses, and Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Behavioral Adaptations to Stressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Stress and Dendritic Remodeling: Hippocampus and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Stress and Structural Plasticity in the Amygdala: Implications for Anxiety‐Like Behavior . . . . 582 Stress and Structural Plasticity in the Prefrontal Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 Cellular and Synaptic Correlates for Stress‐Induced Plasticity in the Hippocampus . . . . . . . . . . . 584 Cellular and Synaptic Correlates for Stress‐Induced Plasticity in the Amygdala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
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Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
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Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007
572
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Neuroendocrinology of stress
Abstract: The response to stress involves the active release of hormones and other mediators that produce adaptation in the aftermath of acute stress (allostasis) and yet can lead to pathophysiology when the same mediators are not shut off or are dysregulated over weeks and months (allostatic load). The brain is the key organ of stress since it interprets what is potentially threatening and therefore stressful and it determines the behavioral and physiological responses of the individual. Behavioral responses include fighting or fleeing, eating too much of the wrong things, smoking, drinking and losing sleep at night. Behavioral r
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