Neutron Imaging and Applications A Reference for the Imaging Communi

Neutron Imaging and Applications offers an introduction to the basics of neutron beam production and instrumentation in addition to the wide scope of techniques that provide unique imaging capabilities over a broad and diverse range of applications. An in

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Neutron Scattering Applications and Techniques Series Editors: Ian S. Anderson Neutron Sciences Directorate Oak Ridge National Laboratory Building 8600, MS 6477 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA [email protected]

Alan J. Hurd Lujan Neutron Scattering Center at LANSCE Los Alamos National Laboratory PO Box 1663, MS H805 Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA [email protected]

Robert L. McGreevy ISIS Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Chilton, Didcot OX11 0 QX UK [email protected]

Neutron Applications in Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences Liyuan Liang, Romano Rinaldi, and Helmut Schober, eds. ISBN 978-0-387-09415-1, 2009 Neutron Imaging and Applications: A Reference for the Imaging Community Ian S. Anderson, Robert L. McGreevy, and Hassina Z. Bilheux, eds. ISBN 978-0-387-78692-6, 2009

Ian S. Anderson Robert L. McGreevy Hassina Z. Bilheux l

Editors

Neutron Imaging and Applications A Reference for the Imaging Community

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Editors Ian S. Anderson Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN, USA [email protected]

Robert L. McGreevy Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK [email protected]

Hassina Z. Bilheux Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN, USA [email protected]

ISBN 978-0-387-78692-6 e-ISBN 978-0-387-78693-3 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-78693-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008936128 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Cover illustration: Cover graphics courtesy of Dr John Katsaras, National Research Council, Chalk River Laboratories, and Dr Taner Yildirim, NIST Center for Neutron Research. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com

Preface

The first successful experiments in Neutron Radiography were carried out (to our knowledge) in 1935, just a few years after the discovery of the neutron, by H. Kallmann and E. Kuhn using a small neutron generator [1]. Not surprisingly, the field has developed and diversified over the last 70 years so that neutron imaging, in the broad sense, is now routinely used in a wide range of applications. The aim of this book (one of a series on the applications of neutron scattering [2]) is to introduce to the reader, whether novice or experienced researcher, the basic techniques used to image objects using neutron beams and to give a flavor of the vast range of applic