Never forget a face: Verbalization facilitates recollection as evidenced by flexible responding to contrasting recogniti
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Never forget a face: Verbalization facilitates recollection as evidenced by flexible responding to contrasting recognition memory tests Dawn R. Weatherford 1,2
&
Mitchell A. Meltzer 3,4 & Curt A. Carlson 2 & James C. Bartlett 3
# The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2020
Abstract Verbal facilitation occurs when describing a face improves its subsequent recognition; but there are several theoretical explanations debated in the literature. The results of the present studies support a relatively unrestricted, parsimonious theory that verbal facilitation occurs because describing a face supports recollection of several different facets of the face-viewing experience. This recollection is then demonstrated by flexibly responding to two competing types of recognition task demands. Participants studied a list of faces and, following each face, performed a nonverbalization task (Experiment 1) or described its features or traits (Experiment 2). Two subsequent recognition tests included intact faces, new faces, and conjunctions (each of which recombined features of two studied faces). Inclusion test instructions emphasized featural information: respond “yes” to both intact and conjunction faces (both of which contained studied features), but “no” to new faces. Exclusion test instructions emphasized configural information: respond “yes” only to intact faces (which were the only test items that matched studied configurations), and “no” to both conjunctions and new faces. Both yes/no responses and confidence ratings supported our hypothesis that verbalization improved discrimination between (a) conjunctions and new faces in the inclusion test, and (b) intact faces and conjunctions in the exclusion test. Additional secondary responses about face type elucidated that verbalization at study improves the ability to recollect either featural or configural information, depending on which type of response the recognition test required. We discuss these findings about practical applications of improved face memory in real-world contexts. Keywords Verbal facilitation . Facial description . Recognition memory . Recollection . Conjunctions Verbal descriptions play a vital role in many criminal cases, where eyewitnesses need to provide an account of the events of the crime and the criminal. Putting aside information about transient aspects of the criminal (e.g., style of clothes), describing the perpetrator’s face may influence the police’s ability to apprehend a suspect. Findings across many different types of stimuli, however, support that the act of facial description can fundam entally alter memory (e.g., Nakabayashi, Burton, Brandimonte, & Lloyd-Jones, 2012a). Although describing a face can produce memory interference (e.g., Meissner, Sporer, & Susa, 2008; Mickes & Wixted, * Dawn R. Weatherford [email protected] 1
Department of Science & Mathematics, Psychology Program, 1 University Way, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78224, USA
2
Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, USA
3
University of Texas at Dall
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