New application of Orchis mascula as a biocarrier for immobilization of mixed cells for biodegradation and detoxificatio
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
New application of Orchis mascula as a biocarrier for immobilization of mixed cells for biodegradation and detoxification of reactive azo dyes Basma Basim Hameed 1 & Zainab Ziad Ismail 1 Received: 20 September 2019 / Accepted: 1 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, the application of novel biocarrier Orchis mascula plant for immobilization of non-adapted mixed cells biodegrade reactive azo dyes in aqueous solution was investigated via a sequential anaerobic-aerobic process. Three reactive azo dyes including red (RR2), blue (RB4), and yellow (RY15) were individually used as the target pollutants. Results revealed that the immobilized biocatalysts had a potential degrading efficiency, targeting the initial structure and the formed aromatic/aliphatic compounds, respectively. Complete decolorization (100%) of RR2, RB4, and RY15 was observed in the anaerobic phase with significant COD removal which has been enhanced during the subsequent aerobic phase. Results demonstrated that COD removals at 10, 20, and 40 mg/L were 100 ± 0.13%, 95 ± 0.05%, and 90 ± 0.03% for RR2; 90 ± 0.11%, 85 ± 0.9%, and 81 ± 0.18% for RB4; and 100 ± 0.08%, 92 ± 0.16%, and 86 ± 0.06% for RY15, respectively. Immobilized cells exhibited better performance compared with free cells, particularly for high dye concentration up to 100 mg/L. Keywords Biodegradation . Reactive azo dyes . Detoxification . Biocarriers . Textile wastewater
Introduction The application of reactive azo dyes, the most commonly used type of azo dyes, is linked to the discharge of a large amount of unfixed dyes. The effluent might contain as much as 50% of the initial dye load (Fitzgerald and Bishop 1995). A normalsized textile mill consumes around 1.6 million liter of water every day, out of which 16% is used for dyeing and about 8% in printing (Chen et al. 2003). Bioremediation is a promising alternative or supplement for the current dye treatment processes. The wide diversity of microorganisms offers a spectrum of genetic resources for cleaning the environment. Many biotreatment approaches using encapsulation are on top of the
Responsible Editor: Gangrong Shi Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09984-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Zainab Ziad Ismail [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
list for having a promising degrading potential for pollutants in an immobilized matrix (Keskin et al. 2018). When bacteria are immobilized, they are usually trapped inside a material, often a gel matrix which inhibits their flow. Immobilizing bacteria increases bacterial density which can be reflected in an increased pollutant degradation rate (Chen et al. 2005). Biocarriers for microorganism immobilization must be nontoxic with a rough irregular surface. The matrix must be porous and hydrophilic to promote the proliferat
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