New contributions to the phylogeny of the ciliate class Heterotrichea (Protista, Ciliophora): analyses at family-genus l
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w contributions to the phylogeny of the ciliate class Heterotrichea (Protista, Ciliophora): analyses at family-genus level and new evolutionary hypotheses 1†
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Yong Chi , Xiangrui Chen , Yuqing Li , Chundi Wang , Tengteng Zhang , Alex Ayoub , 4 1,5 1,6* Alan Warren , Weibo Song & Yuanyuan Wang 1
Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; 2 School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; 3 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI48109, USA; 4 Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; 5 Laboratory for Marine Biology & Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China; 6 College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China Received July 16, 2020; accepted September 6, 2020; published online October 13, 2020
Heterotrichous ciliates play an important role in aquatic ecosystem energy flow processes and many are model organisms for research in cytology, regenerative biology, and toxicology. In the present study, we combine both morphological and molecular data to infer phylogenetic relationships at family-genus level and propose new evolutionary hypotheses for the class Heterotrichea. The main results include: (1) 96 new ribosomal DNA sequences from 36 populations, representing eight families and 13 genera, including three poorly annotated genera, Folliculinopsis, Ampullofolliculina and Linostomella; (2) the earliest-branching families are Spirostomidae in single-gene trees and Peritromidae in the concatenated tree, but the family Peritromidae probably represents the basal lineage based on its possession of many “primitive” morphological characters; (3) some findings in molecular trees are not supported by morphological evidence, such as the family Blepharismidae is one of the most recent branches and the relationship between Fabreidae and Folliculinidae is very close; (4) the systematic positions of Condylostomatidae, Climacostomidae, and Gruberiidae remain uncertain based either on morphological or molecular data; and (5) the monophyly of each genus included in the present study is supported by the molecular phylogenetic trees, except for Blepharisma in the SSU rDNA tree and Folliculina in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 tree. evolutionary hypothesis, molecular cladogram, morphological cladogram, multi-gene, systematic relationship Citation:
Chi, Y., Chen, X., Li, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, T., Ayoub, A., Warren, A., Song, W., and Wang, Y. (2020). New contributions to the phylogeny of the ciliate class Heterotrichea (Protista, Ciliophora): analyses at family-genus level and new evolutionary hypotheses. Sci China Life Sci 63, https://doi. org/10.1007/s11427-020-1817-5
INTRODUCTION Ciliated protists (ciliates) are a morphologically diverse and highly specialized group of microbial eukaryotes that constitute an important component of the microbial food web in †Contributed equally to this work *Corre
