New Progress on Binocular Disparity in Higher Visual Areas Beyond V1
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT
New Progress on Binocular Disparity in Higher Visual Areas Beyond V1 Xiangwen Hao1 • Yu Gu1
Received: 28 February 2020 / Accepted: 24 March 2020 Ó Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS 2020
Binocular disparity, resulting from the differences between the retinal images of the two eyes, plays a fundamental role in the formation of stereoscopic vision and depth perception [1]. Generally, a greater difference (disparity) between the two images indicates that the objects are closer to each other (Fig. 1A). The brain uses binocular disparity to extract depth information from the two-dimensional retinal images, and the subtle differences between the images received by each eye allow us to perceive stereoscopic depth, which is important for the visual perception of the three-dimensional space [2]. It has been reported that almost all vision-related brain regions, such as V1, V2, V3, V3A, ventral posterior, middle temporal (V5), medial superior temporal, and superior colliculus, contain neurons that respond to binocular disparity [3]. Cortical area V1, which is at a preliminary processing stage for the analysis of stereoscopic depth, was shown to encode binocular disparity long ago. Poggio and Fischer found that 84% of the cells recorded from areas V1 and V2 in awake monkeys responded differentially to stimuli presented at a variety of depths [4], indicating that V1 and V2 are enriched in disparity-selective neurons. Furthermore, some of the extrastriate areas may also be responsible for the generation of neuronal representations that underlie the perception of binocular depth. Wang and Burkhalter demonstrated the existence of at least nine extrastriate visual cortical areas in mice, including the lateromedial (LM),
& Yu Gu [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
anterolateral, rostrolateral (RL), anteromedial, posteromedial, laterointermediate, posterior, postrhinal, and anterior areas [5], based on the topographic projections from V1 (Fig. 1B). Neurons in each of these areas are selective for specific features of visual stimuli within their receptive fields (RFs) [6], and the extrastriate visual areas have consistent biases in visual field coverage, indicating that these are potential areas for investigating basic features such as disparity sensitivity. Recently, a report by Chioma and colleagues published in Current Biology revealed an area-specific mapping of binocular disparity in the higher visual areas LM and RL [7]. In this study, using in vivo two-photon imaging, dichoptic gating stimulation, and random dot stereograms, which induce inter-ocular disparity, demonstrated that, simultaneously across areas V1, LM, and RL, neurons have similar disparities and tuning properties. Then, by calculating the disparity selectivity index of each cell in these areas, and comparing the degree and dis
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