Rechargeable lithium batteries and beyond: Progress, challenges, and future directions
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Introduction Energy based on electricity generated from renewable sources, such as solar or wind, offers enormous potential for meeting the growing demand for energy with low or even zero emission, considering that world energy consumption within the next 50 years could be doubled at least (see the April 2008 issue of MRS Bulletin, “Harnessing Materials for Energy”). However, the utilization of electricity generated from these intermittent renewable sources requires efficient electrical energy storage (EES) systems. Batteries, as one of the most appropriate and promising EES systems, are ubiquitous—virtually all portable electronic devices today rely on the chemical energy stored in them. There is no doubt that the development of the next generation of batteries will play a vital role in future use of electrical energy. A rechargeable Li-ion battery consists of two Li-ion intercalation electrodes with a non-aqueous electrolyte in between for ionic conduction. The electrical and chemical energies in a Li-ion cell are interconverted via reversible de-intercalation/intercalation processes of Li ions between the cathode
and anode along with electrons traveling via an external circuit simultaneously. The advent of rechargeable Li-ion batteries ushered in the wireless revolution and has stimulated a quest for batteries to power hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles (PEVs).1 Lithium batteries are also anticipated to be a key component to realize the full potential of renewable energy sources as part of the electrical distribution grid.2 Another motivation to discover novel EES systems, in particular rechargeable Li batteries with new chemistries, is the ceaseless fluctuation of fossil fuel prices and the prospect of global warming associated with CO2 emission. The deployment of the rechargeable lithium batteries will reduce fossil fuel usage and hence reduce CO2 emissions. The cost and performance limitations of existing Li-ion battery technologies seriously hinder the rapid transition to EVs and efficient use of renewable energy sources. Other technical bottlenecks of Li-ion batteries should also be considered, including the limited energy density of individual cells, the lack of fast recharge cycles with long cell lifetimes, as well as safety concerns. In order to increase the energy density of
Khalil Amine, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA; [email protected] Ryoji Kanno, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan; [email protected] Yonhua Tzeng, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2014.62
• MAY • www.mrs.org/bulletin 2014 Materials Research Society BULLETIN •Core VOLUME 39 of Downloaded© from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 83.171.253.36, on 28 Mar 2019 at 07:37:33, subject toMRS the Cambridge terms use,2014 available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.62
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RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES AND BEYOND: PROGRESS, CHALLENGES, AND FU
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